5-[(piperazin-1-yl)-3-oxo-propyl]-imidazolidine-2,4-dione derivatives as ADAMTS inhibitors for the treatment of osteoarthritis

ABSTRACT

The present invention discloses compounds according to Formula I: 
     
       
         
         
             
             
         
       
     
     Wherein R 1 , R 2 , R 3a , R 3b , and Cy are as defined herein. 
     The present invention relates to compounds inhibiting ADAMTS, methods for their production, pharmaceutical compositions comprising the same, and methods of treatment using the same, for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of inflammatory conditions, and/or diseases involving degradation of cartilage and/or disruption of cartilage homeostasis by administering a compound of the invention.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/653,668, filed Oct. 15, 2019, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/896,779, filed Feb. 14, 2018, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/538,393, filed Jun. 21, 2017, which is a 371 National Stage Entry of PCT Application No. PCT/EP2015/080430, filed Dec. 18, 2015, which claims foreign priority to European Patent Application No. 14307129.8 filed Dec. 22, 2014, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference in their entireties.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to hydantoin compounds, and their use in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of inflammatory conditions, and/or diseases involving degradation of cartilage and/or disruption of cartilage homeostasis. In a particular aspect, the present compounds are ADAMTS inhibitors, and more particularly ADAMTS-5. The present invention also provides methods for the production of a compound of the invention, pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of the invention, methods for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of inflammatory conditions, and/or diseases involving degradation of cartilage and/or disruption of cartilage homeostasis by administering a compound of the invention.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Cartilage is an avascular tissue of which chondrocytes are the main cellular component. One of the functional roles of cartilage in the joint is to allow bones to articulate on each other smoothly. Loss of articular cartilage, therefore, causes the bones to rub against each other leading to pain and loss of mobility, and is the hallmark of various diseases, among which rheumatoid arthritis and osteoarthritis are the most prominent.

The chondrocytes in normal articular cartilage occupy approximately 5% of the tissue volume, while the extra-cellular matrix makes up the remaining 95% of the tissue. The chondrocytes secrete the components of the matrix, mainly proteoglycans (including aggrecan) and collagens, which in turn supply the chondrocytes with an environment suitable for their survival under mechanical stress. Collagen type II, together with collagen type IX, is arranged in solid fibril-like structures, and provides cartilage with high mechanical strength properties, whereas aggrecan and other proteoglycans can absorb water and provide the resilient and shock-absorbing properties of the cartilage.

Under physiological conditions, cartilage homeostasis is maintained by a balance between the production (anabolism) and degradation (catabolism) of aggrecan and collagen. However, in OA and other joint disorders, this balance shifts toward catabolism. Loss of aggrecan occurs early in the onset of cartilage destruction, initially at the joint surface then spreading more deeply at more advanced stages (Pond and Nuki, 1973).

Osteoarthritis (also referred to as OA, or wear-and-tear arthritis) is the most common form of arthritis and is characterized by loss of articular cartilage, often associated with the subchondral bone remodelling and pain. The disease mainly affects hands, spine and weight-bearing joints such as knees, and hips. During the disease process, the cartilage progressively deteriorates, which can be graded. At more advanced stages, the deeper layers of cartilage are affected, leading to calcification and exposure of the subchondral bone (Wieland et al., 2005).

The clinical manifestations of the development of the osteoarthritis condition include: increased volume of the joint, pain, crepitation and functional disability that lead to pain and reduced mobility of the joints. When disease further develops, pain at rest emerges. If the condition persists without correction and/or therapy, the joint is destroyed leading to disability.

Osteoarthritis is difficult to treat. At present, no cure is available and treatment focuses on relieving pain and preventing the affected joint from becoming deformed. Common treatments are currently limited to steroidal and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), which provide symptomatic relief for pain and inflammation but do not arrest or slow down the progression of the disease (Mobasheri, 2013).

Therapeutic methods for the correction of the articular cartilage lesions that appear during the osteoarthritic disease have been developed, but so far none of them have been able to slow down the disease progression or to promote the regeneration of articular cartilage in situ and in vivo.

Although some dietary supplements as chondroitin and glucosamine sulfate have been advocated as safe and effective options for the treatment of osteoarthritis, a clinical trial revealed that both treatments did not reduce pain associated to osteoarthritis (Clegg et al., 2006).

In severe cases, joint replacement may be necessary. This is especially true for hips and knees. If a joint is extremely painful and cannot be replaced, it may be fused. This procedure stops the pain, but results in the permanent loss of joint function, making walking and bending difficult.

Another possible treatment is the transplantation of cultured autologous chondrocytes. Here chondral cellular material is taken from the patient, sent to a laboratory where it is expanded. The material is then implanted in the damaged tissues to cover the tissue's defects.

Yet another treatment includes the intra-articular instillation of Hylan G-F 20 (Synvisc, Hyalgan, Artz etc.), a substance that improves temporarily the rheology of the synovial fluid, producing an almost immediate sensation of free movement and a marked reduction of pain.

Other methods include application of tendinous, periosteal, facial, muscular or perichondral grafts; implantation of fibrin or cultured chondrocytes; implantation of synthetic matrices, such as collagen, carbon fiber; and administration of electromagnetic fields. All of these have reported minimal and incomplete effects, resulting in a poor quality tissue that can neither support the weighted load nor allow the restoration of an articular function with normal movement.

The ADAMTS family of secreted zinc metalloproteinases includes nineteen members that are known to bind and degrade extra cartilage matrix (ECM) components (Shiomi et al., 2010). Several members of the ADAMTS family have been found to cleave aggrecan, the major proteoglycan component of cartilage: ADAMTS-1, -4, -5, -8, -9, -15, -16 and -18. Since the expression and/or aggrecanase degrading activity of ADAMTS-1, -8, -9, -15, -16 and -18 are quite low, ADAMTS-4 (aggrecanase-1) and ADAMTS-5 (aggrecanase-2) are believed to be the two major functional aggrecanases (Tortorella and Malfait, 2008).

ADAMTS-5 was identified in 1999 (Abbaszade et al., 1999). In 2005 two independent groups identified ADAMTS-5 as the principal aggrecanase in mouse cartilage (Glasson et al., 2005; Stanton et al., 2005). Proteolysis of aggrecan by ADAMTS-5 occurs at different sites: however cleavage at the Glu373-Ala374 bond (aggrecan IGD) is likely more important in the pathogenesis of osteoarthritis and inflammatory arthritis since a loss of integrity at this bond results in the loss of an entire aggrecan molecule, which is highly detrimental to cartilage integrity and function (Little et al., 2007).

Studies in genetically engineered mouse models (GeMMs) have demonstrated that ADAMTS-5 ablation protects against cartilage damage and aggrecan loss after osteoarthritis induction through surgical instability of the medial meniscus (DMM) (Glasson et al., 2005). Moreover in the DMM model ADAMTS-5 knock-out mice showed reduced subchondral bone changes (Botter et al., 2009) and did not develop osteoarthritis-associated mechanical allodynia (Malfait et al., 2010). Besides preclinical evidence, clinical evidence also indicates the importance of and interest in ADAMTS-5 as a target for osteoarthritis. Recently, studies with an antibody targeting ADAMTS-5 (Chiusaroli et al., 2013) have been reported. ELISA's have been developed allowing the measurement of aggrecanase-derived cartilage neo-epitope levels in the synovial fluid as well as blood from rodents to human. This method revealed increased levels of ADAMTS-5 derived neo-epitope levels in the joints of rats in which cartilage degradation was induced by meniscal tear as well as in joints of osteoarthritis patients, thereby providing further translational evidence for the importance of this protease in the development of osteoarthritis (Chockalingam et al., 2011; Larsson et al., 2014).

These findings provide strong evidence for a central role of ADAMTS-5 in osteoarthritis pathology as a key target and an ADAMTS-5 inhibitor capable to reach the joint cartilage at sufficient levels is expected to exert a protective effect on cartilage in osteoarthritic patients.

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) constitute another family of 23 zinc metalloproteinases with many structural elements in common with ADAMTS family members (Georgiadis and Yiotakis, 2008). Clinical studies on broad spectrum MMP inhibitors in oncology revealed that inhibition of particular MMPs was associated with poorer prognosis and undesirable side effects. In particular, MMP8 and MMP12 have been categorized as antitargets based on in vivo animal studies (Dufour and Overall, 2013). Therefore, there is a need for selective ADAMTS, and in particular ADAMTS-5 inhibitors without affecting the activity of structurally related MMPs, and more particularly MMP-8 and -12.

Therefore the identification of novel inhibitors of ADAMTS, in particular ADAMTS-5, could provide desirable tools for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of diseases involving cartilage degradation, in particular osteoarthritis, and/or rheumatoid arthritis.

It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide compounds and their use in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of inflammatory conditions, and/or diseases involving degradation of cartilage and/or disruption of cartilage homeostasis. In particular the compounds of the present invention are inhibitors of ADAMTS, and more particularly ADAMTS-5.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

The present invention is based on the identification of novel hydantoin compounds that may be useful for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of inflammatory conditions, and/or diseases involving degradation of cartilage and/or disruption of cartilage homeostasis. In a particular aspect, the compounds of the invention are inhibitors of ADAMTS-5. The present invention also provides methods for the production of these compounds, pharmaceutical compositions comprising these compounds and methods for treating inflammatory conditions, and/or diseases involving degradation of cartilage and/or disruption of cartilage homeostasis by administering the compounds of the invention.

Accordingly, in a first aspect of the invention, a compound of the invention is provided having a Formula (I):

wherein R¹ is:

-   -   H,     -   C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more independently         selected R⁴ groups,     -   C₃₋₇ monocyclic cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or         more independently selected R⁴ groups,     -   4-7 membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl comprising 1 to 2         heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, optionally         substituted with one or more independently selected C₁₋₄ alkyl,         —C(═O)C₁₋₄ alkyl, or —C(═O)OC₁₋₄ alkyl,     -   phenyl optionally substituted with one or more independently         selected R⁵ groups,     -   phenyl fused to a 5-6 membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl         comprising 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N,         O, and S, which heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with         one or more ═O, or     -   5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl comprising 1 or 2 heteroatoms         independently selected from N, O, and S, optionally substituted         with one or more independently selected R⁵ groups;         R² is independently selected from:     -   H,     -   OH,     -   C₁₋₄ alkoxy, and     -   C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted with one         -   OH,         -   CN,         -   C₁₋₄ alkoxy optionally substituted with one phenyl, or         -   5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl comprising 1 or 2             heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S,             optionally substituted with one or more independently             selected C₁₋₄ alkyl;             each R^(3a), and R^(3b) is independently selected from:     -   H, and     -   C₁₋₄ alkyl;         Cy is     -   6-10 membered monocyclic or fused bicyclic aryl optionally         substituted with one or more independently selected R⁶ groups,     -   5-10 membered monocyclic or fused bicyclic heteroaryl comprising         1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S,         optionally substituted with one or more independently selected         R⁶ groups;         R⁴ is     -   halo,     -   OH,     -   CN,     -   C₁₋₄ alkyl,     -   C₁₋₄ alkoxy optionally substituted with one C₁₋₄ alkoxy, or         phenyl,     -   C₁₋₄ thioalkoxy,     -   4-7-membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl comprising one or more         heteroatoms independently selected from N, S, and O, optionally         substituted with one or more independently selected halo, or         —C(═O)OC₁₋₄ alkyl,     -   phenyl,     -   —S(═O)₂C₁₋₄ alkyl,     -   —C(═O)OR^(7a),     -   —C(═O)NR^(7b)R^(7c),     -   —NHC(═O)OR^(7d),     -   —NHC(═O)R^(7e), or     -   —NR^(8a)R^(8b);         each R⁵ is     -   halo,     -   OH,     -   CN,     -   C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more independently         selected halo, —NR^(9a)R^(9b), or —C(═O)NR^(9c)R^(9d),     -   C₁₋₄ alkoxy optionally substituted with one —NR^(9e)R^(9f), or     -   —S(═O)₂C₁₋₄ alkyl;         each R⁶ is     -   halo,     -   —CN,     -   —NO₂,     -   —CH₃,     -   5-10 membered monocyclic or fused bicyclic heteroaryl comprising         1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S,         optionally substituted with one or more independently selected         halo, C₁₋₄ alkyl, or C₁₋₄ alkoxy, or     -   —NR^(9g)R^(9h);         each R^(7a), R^(7b), R^(7c), R^(7d), or R^(7e) is     -   H, or     -   C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted with one OH, C₁₋₄ alkoxy;         each R^(8a), or R^(8b) is independently selected from     -   H, and     -   C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more independently         selected OH, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, or phenyl;         each R^(9a), R^(9b), R^(9c), R^(9d), R^(9e), R^(9f), R^(9g), and         R^(9h) is independently selected from H, and C₁₋₄ alkyl;         or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a solvate, or a         pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a solvate thereof;         provided that:     -   R¹ and R² are not simultaneously H, and     -   when R¹ is Me, then Cy is not

In a particular aspect, the compounds of the invention may exhibit selectivity towards the ADAMTS protease family, in particular towards the ADAMTS-5. In a further particular aspect, the compounds of the invention may show low activity on MMP family members, in particular MMP8 and/or MMP12. Such selectivity may result in improved drug safety and/or reduce off-target associated risks. In another more particular embodiment, the compounds of the invention surprisingly exhibit activity against ADAMTS-5 compared to structurally related close analogues.

In a further aspect, the present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of the invention, and a pharmaceutical carrier, excipient or diluent. In a particular aspect, the pharmaceutical composition may additionally comprise further therapeutically active ingredients suitable for use in combination with the compounds of the invention. In a more particular aspect, the further therapeutically active ingredient is an agent for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of inflammatory conditions, and/or diseases involving degradation of cartilage and/or disruption of cartilage homeostasis.

Moreover, the compounds of the invention, useful in the pharmaceutical compositions and treatment methods disclosed herein, are pharmaceutically acceptable as prepared and used.

In a further aspect of the invention, this invention provides a method of treating a mammal, in particular humans, afflicted with a condition selected from among those listed herein, and particularly inflammatory conditions, and/or diseases involving degradation of cartilage and/or disruption of cartilage homeostasis, which method comprises administering an effective amount of the pharmaceutical composition or compounds of the invention as described herein.

The present invention also provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of the invention, and a suitable pharmaceutical carrier, excipient or diluent for use in medicine. In a particular aspect, the pharmaceutical composition is for use in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of inflammatory conditions, and/or diseases involving degradation of cartilage and/or disruption of cartilage homeostasis.

In a particular aspect, the compounds of the invention are provided for use in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of osteoarthritis.

In additional aspects, this invention provides methods for synthesizing the compounds of the invention, with representative synthetic protocols and pathways disclosed later on herein.

Other objects and advantages will become apparent to those skilled in the art from a consideration of the ensuing detailed description.

It will be appreciated that compounds of the invention may be metabolized to yield biologically active metabolites.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION Definitions

The following terms are intended to have the meanings presented therewith below and are useful in understanding the description and intended scope of the present invention.

When describing the invention, which may include compounds, pharmaceutical compositions containing such compounds and methods of using such compounds and compositions, the following terms, if present, have the following meanings unless otherwise indicated. It should also be understood that when described herein any of the moieties defined forth below may be substituted with a variety of substituents, and that the respective definitions are intended to include such substituted moieties within their scope as set out below. Unless otherwise stated, the term “substituted” is to be defined as set out below. It should be further understood that the terms “groups” and “radicals” can be considered interchangeable when used herein.

The articles “a” and “an” may be used herein to refer to one or to more than one (i.e. at least one) of the grammatical objects of the article. By way of example “an analogue” means one analogue or more than one analogue.

‘Alkyl’ means straight or branched aliphatic hydrocarbon with the number of carbon atoms specified. Particular alkyl groups have 1 to 8 carbon atoms. More particular is lower alkyl which has 1 to 6 carbon atoms. A further particular group has 1 to 4 carbon atoms. Exemplary straight chained groups include methyl, ethyl n-propyl, and n-butyl. Branched means that one or more lower alkyl groups such as methyl, ethyl, propyl or butyl is attached to a linear alkyl chain, exemplary branched chain groups include isopropyl, iso-butyl, t-butyl and isoamyl.

‘Alkoxy’ refers to the group —OR²⁰ where R²⁰ is alkyl with the number of carbon atoms specified. Particular alkoxy groups are methoxy, ethoxy, n-propoxy, isopropoxy, n-butoxy, tert-butoxy, sec-butoxy, n-pentoxy, n-hexoxy, and 1,2-dimethylbutoxy. Particular alkoxy groups are lower alkoxy, i.e. with between 1 and 6 carbon atoms. Further particular alkoxy groups have between 1 and 4 carbon atoms.

‘Alkylene’ refers to divalent alkene radical groups having the number of carbon atoms specified, in particular having 1 to 6 carbon atoms and more particularly 1 to 4 carbon atoms which can be straight-chained or branched. This term is exemplified by groups such as methylene (—CH₂—), ethylene (—CH₂—CH₂—), or —CH(CH₃)— and the like.

‘Alkenyl’ refers to monovalent olefinically (unsaturated) hydrocarbon groups with the number of carbon atoms specified. Particular alkenyl has 2 to 8 carbon atoms, and more particularly, from 2 to 6 carbon atoms, which can be straight-chained or branched and having at least 1 and particularly from 1 to 2 sites of olefinic unsaturation. Particular alkenyl groups include ethenyl (—CH═CH₂), n-propenyl (—CH₂CH═CH₂), isopropenyl (—C(CH₃)═CH₂) and the like.

‘Amino’ refers to the radical —NH₂.

‘Aryl’ refers to a monovalent aromatic hydrocarbon group derived by the removal of one hydrogen atom from a single carbon atom of a parent aromatic ring system. In particular aryl refers to an aromatic ring structure, monocyclic or polycyclic, with the number of ring atoms specified. Specifically, the term includes groups that include from 6 to 10 ring members. Where the aryl group is a monocyclic ring system it preferentially contains 6 carbon atoms. Particularly aryl groups include phenyl, and naphthyl.

‘Cycloalkyl’ refers to a non-aromatic hydrocarbyl ring structure, monocyclic or polycyclic, with the number of ring atoms specified. A cycloalkyl may have from 3 to 10 carbon atoms, and in particular from 3 to 7 carbon atoms. Such cycloalkyl groups include, by way of example, single ring structures such as cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, cyclohexyl, and cycloheptyl.

‘Cyano’ refers to the radical —CN.

‘Halo’ or ‘halogen’ refers to fluoro (F), chloro (Cl), bromo (Br) and iodo (I). Particular halo groups are either fluoro or chloro.

‘Hetero’ when used to describe a compound or a group present on a compound means that one or more carbon atoms in the compound or group have been replaced by a nitrogen, oxygen, or sulfur heteroatom. Hetero may be applied to any of the hydrocarbyl groups described above such as alkyl, e.g. heteroalkyl, cycloalkyl, e.g. heterocycloalkyl, aryl, e.g. heteroaryl, and the like having from 1 to 4, and particularly from 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms, more typically 1 or 2 heteroatoms, for example a single heteroatom.

‘Heteroaryl’ means an aromatic ring structure, monocyclic or fused polycyclic, that includes one or more heteroatoms independently selected from O, N and S and the number of ring atoms specified. In particular, the aromatic ring structure may have from 5 to 9 ring members. The heteroaryl group can be, for example, a five membered or six membered monocyclic ring or a fused bicyclic structure formed from fused five and six membered rings or two fused six membered rings or, by way of a further example, two fused five membered rings. Each ring may contain up to four heteroatoms typically selected from nitrogen, sulphur and oxygen. Typically the heteroaryl ring will contain up to 4 heteroatoms, more typically up to 3 heteroatoms, more usually up to 2, for example a single heteroatom. In one embodiment, the heteroaryl ring contains at least one ring nitrogen atom. The nitrogen atoms in the heteroaryl rings can be basic, as in the case of an imidazole or pyridine, or essentially non-basic as in the case of an indole or pyrrole nitrogen. In general the number of basic nitrogen atoms present in the heteroaryl group, including any amino group substituents of the ring, will be less than five.

Examples of five membered monocyclic heteroaryl groups include but are not limited to pyrrolyl, furanyl, thiophenyl, imidazolyl, furazanyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, oxatriazolyl, isoxazolyl, thiazolyl, isothiazolyl, pyrazolyl, triazolyl and tetrazolyl groups.

Examples of six membered monocyclic heteroaryl groups include but are not limited to pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl and triazinyl. Particular examples of bicyclic heteroaryl groups containing a five membered ring fused to another five-membered ring include but are not limited to imidazothiazolyl and imidazoimidazolyl. Particular examples of bicyclic heteroaryl groups containing a six membered ring fused to a five membered ring include but are not limited to benzfuranyl, benzthiophenyl, benzimidazolyl, benzoxazolyl, isobenzoxazolyl, benzisoxazolyl, benzothiazolyl, benzisothiazolyl, isobenzofuranyl, indolyl, isoindolyl, indolizinyl, purinyl (e.g. adenine, guanine), indazolyl, pyrazolopyrimidinyl, triazolopyrimidinyl, and pyrazolopyridinyl groups. Particular examples of bicyclic heteroaryl groups containing two fused six membered rings include but are not limited to quinolinyl, isoquinolinyl, pyridopyridinyl, quinoxalinyl, quinazolinyl, cinnolinyl, phthalazinyl, naphthyridinyl, and pteridinyl groups. Particular heteroaryl groups are those derived from thiophenyl, pyrrolyl, benzothiophenyl, benzofuranyl, indolyl, pyridinyl, quinolinyl, imidazolyl, oxazolyl and pyrazinyl.

Examples of representative heteroaryls include the following:

wherein each Y is selected from >C(═O), NH, O and S.

As used herein, the term ‘heterocycloalkyl’ means a stable non-aromatic ring structure, monocyclic or polycyclic, that includes one or more heteroatoms independently selected from O, N and S and the number of ring atoms specified. The non-aromatic ring structure may have from 4 to 10 ring members, and in particular from 4 to 7 ring members. A fused heterocyclic ring system may include carbocyclic rings and need only to include one heterocyclic ring. Examples of heterocyclic rings include, but are not limited to, morpholine, piperidine (e.g. 1-piperidinyl, 2-piperidinyl, 3-piperidinyl and 4-piperidinyl), pyrrolidine (e.g. 1-pyrrolidinyl, 2-pyrrolidinyl and 3-pyrrolidinyl), pyrrolidone, pyran, tetrahydrofuran, tetrahydrothiophene, dioxane, tetrahydropyran (e.g. 4-tetrahydro pyranyl), imidazoline, imidazolidinone, oxazoline, thiazoline, 2-pyrazoline, pyrazolidine, piperazine, and N-alkyl piperazines such as N-methyl piperazine. Further examples include thiomorpholine and its S-oxide and S,S-dioxide (particularly thiomorpholine). Still further examples include azetidine, piperidone, piperazone, and N-alkyl piperidines such as N-methyl piperidine. Particular examples of heterocycloalkyl groups are shown in the following illustrative examples:

wherein each W is selected from CH₂, NH, O and S; and each Y is selected from NH, O, C(═O), SO₂, and S.

As used herein, the term ‘heterocycloalkenyl’ means a ‘heterocycloalkyl, wherein one bond of the ring is reduced, thus the ring comprises a double bond. Particular examples of heterocycloalkenyl groups are shown in the following illustrative examples:

wherein each Z is ═CH— or ═N—; W is selected from —CH₂—, —NH—, —O— and —S—; and each Y is selected from —NH—, —O—, —C(═O)—, —SO₂—, and —S—.

‘Hydroxyl’ refers to the radical —OH.

‘Oxo’ refers to the radical ═O.

‘Substituted’ refers to a group in which one or more hydrogen atoms are each independently replaced with the same or different substituent(s).

‘Sulfo’ or ‘sulfonic acid’ refers to a radical such as —SO₃H.

‘Thiol’ refers to the group —SH.

As used herein, term ‘substituted with one or more’ refers to one to four substituents. In one embodiment it refers to one to three substituents. In further embodiments it refers to one or two substituents. In a yet further embodiment it refers to one substituent.

‘Thioalkoxy’ refers to the group —SR²⁰ where R²⁰ has the number of carbon atoms specified and particularly C₁-C₈ alkyl. Particular thioalkoxy groups are thiomethoxy, thioethoxy, n-thiopropoxy, isothiopropoxy, n-thiobutoxy, tert-thiobutoxy, sec-thiobutoxy, n-thiopentoxy, n-thiohexoxy, and 1,2-dimethylthiobutoxy. Particular thioalkoxy groups are lower thioalkoxy, i.e. with between 1 and 6 carbon atoms. Further particular alkoxy groups have between 1 and 4 carbon atoms.

One having ordinary skill in the art of organic synthesis will recognize that the maximum number of heteroatoms in a stable, chemically feasible heterocyclic ring, whether it is aromatic or non aromatic, is determined by the size of the ring, the degree of unsaturation and the valence of the heteroatoms. In general, a heterocyclic ring may have one to four heteroatoms so long as the heteroaromatic ring is chemically feasible and stable.

‘Pharmaceutically acceptable’ means approved or approvable by a regulatory agency of the Federal or a state government or the corresponding agency in countries other than the United States, or that is listed in the U.S. Pharmacopoeia or other generally recognized pharmacopoeia for use in animals, and more particularly, in humans.

‘Pharmaceutically acceptable salt’ refers to a salt of a compound of the invention that is pharmaceutically acceptable and that possesses the desired pharmacological activity of the parent compound. In particular, such salts are non-toxic may be inorganic or organic acid addition salts and base addition salts. Specifically, such salts include: (1) acid addition salts, formed with inorganic acids such as hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, phosphoric acid, and the like; or formed with organic acids such as acetic acid, propionic acid, hexanoic acid, cyclopentanepropionic acid, glycolic acid, pyruvic acid, lactic acid, malonic acid, succinic acid, malic acid, maleic acid, fumaric acid, tartaric acid, citric acid, benzoic acid, 3-(4-hydroxybenzoyl) benzoic acid, cinnamic acid, mandelic acid, methanesulfonic acid, ethanesulfonic acid, 1,2-ethane-disulfonic acid, 2-hydroxyethanesulfonic acid, benzene sulfonic acid, 4-chlorobenzenesulfonic acid, 2-naphthalenesulfonic acid, 4-toluenesulfonic acid, camphorsulfonic acid, 4-methylbicyclo[2.2.2]-oct-2-ene-1-carboxylic acid, glucoheptonic acid, 3-phenylpropionic acid, trimethylacetic acid, tertiary butylacetic acid, lauryl sulfuric acid, gluconic acid, glutamic acid, hydroxynaphthoic acid, salicylic acid, stearic acid, muconic acid, and the like; or (2) salts formed when an acidic proton present in the parent compound either is replaced by a metal ion, e.g. an alkali metal ion, an alkaline earth ion, or an aluminum ion; or coordinates with an organic base such as ethanolamine, diethanolamine, triethanolamine, N-methylglucamine and the like. Salts further include, by way of example only, sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, ammonium, tetraalkylammonium, and the like; and when the compound contains a basic functionality, salts of non toxic organic or inorganic acids, such as hydrochloride, hydrobromide, tartrate, mesylate, acetate, maleate, oxalate and the like. The term ‘pharmaceutically acceptable cation’ refers to an acceptable cationic counter-ion of an acidic functional group. Such cations are exemplified by sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, ammonium, tetraalkylammonium cations, and the like.

‘Pharmaceutically acceptable vehicle’ refers to a diluent, adjuvant, excipient or carrier with which a compound of the invention is administered.

‘Prodrugs’ refers to compounds, including derivatives of the compounds of the invention, which have cleavable groups and become by solvolysis or under physiological conditions the compounds of the invention which are pharmaceutically active in vivo. Such examples include, but are not limited to, choline ester derivatives and the like, N-alkylmorpholine esters and the like.

‘Solvate’ refers to forms of the compound that are associated with a solvent, usually by a solvolysis reaction. This physical association includes hydrogen bonding. Conventional solvents include water, ethanol, acetic acid and the like. The compounds of the invention may be prepared e.g. in crystalline form and may be solvated or hydrated. Suitable solvates include pharmaceutically acceptable solvates, such as hydrates, and further include both stoichiometric solvates and non-stoichiometric solvates. In certain instances the solvate will be capable of isolation, for example when one or more solvent molecules are incorporated in the crystal lattice of the crystalline solid. ‘Solvate’ encompasses both solution-phase and isolable solvates. Representative solvates include hydrates, ethanolates and methanolates.

‘Subject’ includes humans. The terms ‘human’, ‘patient’ and ‘subject’ are used interchangeably herein.

‘Effective amount’ means the amount of a compound of the invention that, when administered to a subject for treating a disease, is sufficient to effect such treatment for the disease. The “effective amount” can vary depending on the compound, the disease and its severity, and the age, weight, etc., of the subject to be treated.

‘Preventing’ or ‘prevention’ refers to a reduction in risk of acquiring or developing a disease or disorder (i.e. causing at least one of the clinical symptoms of the disease not to develop in a subject that may be exposed to a disease-causing agent, or predisposed to the disease in advance of disease onset.

The term ‘prophylaxis’ is related to ‘prevention’, and refers to a measure or procedure the purpose of which is to prevent, rather than to treat or cine a disease. Non-limiting examples of prophylactic measures may include the administration of vaccines; the administration of low molecular weight heparin to hospital patients at risk for thrombosis due, for example, to immobilization; and the administration of an anti-malarial agent such as chloroquine, in advance of a visit to a geographical region where malaria is endemic or the risk of contracting malaria is high.

‘Treating’ or ‘treatment’ of any disease or disorder refers, in one embodiment, to ameliorating the disease or disorder (i.e. arresting the disease or reducing the manifestation, extent or severity of at least one of the clinical symptoms thereof). In another embodiment ‘treating’ or ‘treatment’ refers to ameliorating at least one physical parameter, which may not be discernible by the subject. In yet another embodiment, ‘treating’ or ‘treatment’ refers to modulating the disease or disorder, either physically, (e.g. stabilization of a discernible symptom), physiologically, (e.g. stabilization of a physical parameter), or both. In a further embodiment, “treating” or “treatment” relates to slowing the progression of the disease.

As used herein the term ‘inflammatory diseases’ refers to the group of conditions including rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, juvenile idiopathic arthritis, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, allergic airway disease (e.g. asthma, rhinitis), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), inflammatory bowel diseases (e.g. Crohn's disease, ulcerative colitis), endotoxin-driven disease states (e.g. complications after bypass surgery or chronic endotoxin states contributing to e.g. chronic cardiac failure), and related diseases involving cartilage, such as that of the joints. Particularly the term refers to rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, allergic airway disease (e.g. asthma), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and inflammatory bowel diseases. More particularly the term refers to rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoarthritis (OA). Most particularly the term refers to osteoarthritis (OA).

As used herein the term ‘diseases involving degradation of cartilage and/or disruption of cartilage homeostasis’ includes conditions such as osteoarthritis, psoriatic arthritis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, gouty arthritis, septic or infectious arthritis, reactive arthritis, reflex sympathetic dystrophy, algodystrophy, achondroplasia, Paget's disease, Tietze syndrome or costal chondritis, fibromyalgia, osteochondritis, neurogenic or neuropathic arthritis, arthropathy, sarcoidosis, amylosis, hydarthrosis, periodical disease, rheumatoid spondylitis, endemic forms of arthritis like osteoarthritis deformans endemica, Mseleni disease and Handigodu disease; degeneration resulting from fibromyalgia, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma and ankylosing spondylitis. More particularly, the term refers to osteoarthritis (OA).

‘Compound(s) of the invention’, and equivalent expressions, are meant to embrace compounds of the Formula(e) as herein described, which expression includes the pharmaceutically acceptable salts, and the solvates, e.g. hydrates, and the solvates of the pharmaceutically acceptable salts where the context so permits. Similarly, reference to intermediates, whether or not they themselves are claimed, is meant to embrace their salts, and solvates, where the context so permits.

When ranges are referred to herein, for example but without limitation, C₁₋₈ alkyl, the citation of a range should be considered a representation of each member of said range.

Other derivatives of the compounds of this invention have activity in both their acid and acid derivative forms, but in the acid sensitive form often offers advantages of solubility, tissue compatibility, or delayed release in the mammalian organism (Bundgaard, 1985). Prodrugs include acid derivatives well known to practitioners of the art, such as, for example, esters prepared by reaction of the parent acid with a suitable alcohol, or amides prepared by reaction of the parent acid compound with a substituted or unsubstituted amine, or acid anhydrides, or mixed anhydrides. Simple aliphatic or aromatic esters, amides and anhydrides derived from acidic groups pendant on the compounds of this invention are particularly useful prodrugs. In some cases it is desirable to prepare double ester type prodrugs such as (acyloxy)alkyl esters or ((alkoxycarbonyl)oxy)alkylesters. Particular such prodrugs are the C₁₋₈ alkyl, C₂₋₈ alkenyl, C₆₋₁₀ optionally substituted aryl, and (C₆₋₁₀ aryl)-(C₁₋₄ alkyl) esters of the compounds of the invention.

As used herein, the term ‘isotopic variant’ refers to a compound that contains unnatural proportions of isotopes at one or more of the atoms that constitute such compound. For example, an ‘isotopic variant’ of a compound can contain one or more non-radioactive isotopes, such as for example, deuterium (²H or D), carbon-13 (¹³C), nitrogen-15 (¹⁵N), or the like. It will be understood that, in a compound where such isotopic substitution is made, the following atoms, where present, may vary, so that for example, any hydrogen may be ²H/D, any carbon may be ¹³C, or any nitrogen may be ¹⁵N, and that the presence and placement of such atoms may be determined within the skill of the art. Likewise, the invention may include the preparation of isotopic variants with radioisotopes, in the instance for example, where the resulting compounds may be used for drug and/or substrate tissue distribution studies. The radioactive isotopes tritium, i.e. ³H, and carbon-14, i.e. ¹⁴C, are particularly useful for this purpose in view of their ease of incorporation and ready means of detection. Further, compounds may be prepared that are substituted with positron emitting isotopes, such as ¹¹C, ¹⁸F, ¹⁵O and ¹³N, and would be useful in Positron Emission Topography (PET) studies for examining substrate receptor occupancy.

All isotopic variants of the compounds provided herein, radioactive or not, are intended to be encompassed within the scope of the invention.

It is also to be understood that compounds that have the same molecular formula but differ in the nature or sequence of bonding of their atoms or the arrangement of their atoms in space are termed ‘isomers’. Isomers that differ in the arrangement of their atoms in space are termed ‘stereoisomers’.

Stereoisomers that are not mirror images of one another are termed ‘diastereomers’ and those that are non-superimposable mirror images of each other are termed ‘enantiomers’. When a compound has an asymmetric center, for example, it is bonded to four different groups, a pair of enantiomers is possible. An enantiomer can be characterized by the absolute configuration of its asymmetric center and is described by the R- and S-sequencing rules of Cahn and Prelog, or by the manner in which the molecule rotates the plane of polarized light and designated as dextrorotatory or levorotatory (i.e. as (+) or (−)-isomers respectively). A chiral compound can exist as either individual enantiomer or as a mixture thereof. A mixture containing equal proportions of the enantiomers is called a ‘racemic mixture’.

‘Tautomers’ refer to compounds that are interchangeable forms of a particular compound structure, and that vary in the displacement of hydrogen atoms and electrons. Thus, two structures may be in equilibrium through the movement of π electrons and an atom (usually H). For example, enols and ketones are tautomers because they are rapidly interconverted by treatment with either acid or base. Another example of tautomerism is the aci- and nitro-forms of phenylnitromethane, that are likewise formed by treatment with acid or base.

Tautomeric forms may be relevant to the attainment of the optimal chemical reactivity and biological activity of a compound of interest.

The compounds of the invention may possess one or more asymmetric centers; such compounds can therefore be produced as individual (R)- or (S)-stereoisomers or as mixtures thereof.

Unless indicated otherwise, the description or naming of a particular compound in the specification and claims is intended to include both individual enantiomers and mixtures, racemic or otherwise, thereof. The methods for the determination of stereochemistry and the separation of stereoisomers are well-known in the art.

It will be appreciated that compounds of the invention may be metabolized to yield biologically active metabolites.

THE INVENTION

The present invention is based on the identification of novel hydantoin compounds that may be useful for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of inflammatory conditions, and/or diseases involving degradation of cartilage and/or disruption of cartilage homeostasis. In a particular aspect, the compounds of the invention are inhibitors of ADAMTS-5.

The present invention also provides methods for the production of these compounds, pharmaceutical compositions comprising these compounds and methods for inflammatory conditions, and/or diseases involving degradation of cartilage and/or disruption of cartilage homeostasis by administering the compounds of the invention.

Accordingly, in a first aspect of the invention, a compound of the invention is provided having a Formula (I):

wherein R¹ is:

-   -   H,     -   C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more independently         selected R⁴ groups,     -   C₃₋₇ monocyclic cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or         more independently selected R⁴ groups,     -   4-7 membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl comprising 1 to 2         heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, optionally         substituted with one or more independently selected C₁₋₄ alkyl,         —C(═O)C₁₋₄ alkyl, or —C(═O)OC₁₋₄ alkyl,     -   phenyl optionally substituted with one or more independently         selected R⁵ groups,     -   phenyl fused to a 5-6 membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl         comprising 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N,         O, and S, which heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with         one or more ═O, or     -   5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl comprising 1 or 2 heteroatoms         independently selected from N, O, and S, optionally substituted         with one or more independently selected R⁵ groups;         R² is independently selected from:     -   H,     -   OH,     -   C₁₋₄ alkoxy, and     -   C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted with one         -   OH,         -   CN,         -   C₁₋₄ alkoxy optionally substituted with one phenyl, or         -   5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl comprising 1 or 2             heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S,             optionally substituted with one or more independently             selected C₁₋₄ alkyl;             each R^(3a), and R^(3b) is independently selected from:     -   H, and     -   C₁₋₄ alkyl;         Cy is     -   6-10 membered monocyclic or fused bicyclic aryl optionally         substituted with one or more independently selected R⁶ groups,     -   5-10 membered monocyclic or fused bicyclic heteroaryl comprising         1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S,         optionally substituted with one or more independently selected         R⁶ groups;         R⁴ is     -   halo,     -   OH,     -   CN,     -   C₁₋₄ alkyl,     -   C₁₋₄ alkoxy optionally substituted with one C₁₋₄ alkoxy or         phenyl,     -   C₁₋₄ thioalkoxy,     -   4-7-membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl comprising one or more         heteroatoms independently selected from N, S, and O, optionally         substituted with one or more independently selected halo or         —C(═O)OC₁₋₄ alkyl,     -   phenyl,     -   —S(═O)₂C₁₋₄ alkyl,     -   —C(═O)OR^(7a),     -   —C(═O)NR^(7b)R^(7c),     -   —NHC(═O)OR^(7d),     -   —NHC(═O)R^(7e), or     -   —NR^(8a)R^(8b);         each R⁵ is     -   halo,     -   OH,     -   CN,     -   C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more independently         selected halo, —NR^(9a)R^(9b), or —C(═O)NR^(9c)R^(9d),     -   C₁₋₄ alkoxy optionally substituted with one —NR^(9e)R^(9f), or     -   —S(═O)₂C₁₋₄ alkyl;         each R⁶ is     -   halo,     -   —CN,     -   —NO₂,     -   —CH₃,     -   5-10 membered monocyclic or fused bicyclic heteroaryl comprising         1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S,         optionally substituted with one or more independently selected         halo, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, or     -   —NR^(9g)R^(9h);         each R^(7a), R^(7b), R^(7c), R^(7d), or R^(7e) is     -   H, or     -   C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted with one OH, or C₁₋₄ alkoxy;         each R^(8a) or R^(8b) is independently selected from:     -   H, and     -   C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more independently         selected OH, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, or phenyl;         each R^(9a), R^(9b), R^(9c), R^(9d), R^(9e), R^(9f), R^(9g), and         R^(9h) is independently selected from H, and C₁₋₄ alkyl; or a         pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a solvate, or a         pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a solvate thereof; or a         biologically active metabolite thereof;         provided that:     -   R¹, and R² are not simultaneously H, and     -   When R¹ is Me, then Cy is not

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula II:

wherein R¹, R², R^(3a), R^(3b), and Cy are as defined above.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula I or II, wherein R¹ is H.

In another embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula I or II, wherein R¹ is C₁₋₄ alkyl. In a particular embodiment, R¹ is Me, Et, Pr, iPr, or tBu. In a more particular embodiment, R¹ is Me, or Et.

In another embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula I or II, wherein R¹ is C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with one or more independently selected R⁴ groups. In another embodiment, R¹ is Me, or Et, each of which is substituted with one or more independently selected R⁴ groups. In a particular embodiment, R¹ is C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with one, two or three independently selected R⁴ groups. In another particular embodiment, R¹ is Me, or Et, each of which is substituted with one, two or three independently selected R⁴ groups. In a more particular embodiment, R¹ is C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with one R⁴ group. In another more particular embodiment, R¹ is Me, or Et, each of which is substituted with one R⁴ group.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula I or II, wherein R¹ is C₃₋₇ monocyclic cycloalkyl. In a particular embodiment, R¹ is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl. In a more particular embodiment, R¹ is cyclopropyl.

In another embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula I or II, wherein R¹ is C₃₋₇ monocyclic cycloalkyl substituted with one or more independently selected R⁴ groups. In another embodiment, R¹ is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, each of which is substituted with one or more independently selected R⁴ groups. In a particular embodiment, R¹ is C₃₋₇ monocyclic cycloalkyl substituted with one, two or three independently selected R⁴ groups. In another particular embodiment, R¹ is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, each of which is substituted with one, two or three independently selected R⁴ groups. In a more particular embodiment, R¹ is C₃₋₇ monocyclic cycloalkyl substituted with one R⁴ group. In another more particular embodiment, R¹ is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl, each of which is substituted with one R⁴ group.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula I or II, wherein R⁴ is halo, OH, and CN. In a more particular embodiment, each R⁴ is independently selected from F, Cl, OH, and CN.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula I or II, wherein R⁴ is C₁₋₄ alkyl. In a particular embodiment, R⁴ is —CH₃, —CH₂CH₃, or —CH(CH₃)₂. In a more particular embodiment, R⁴ is —CH₃.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula I or II, wherein R⁴ is C₁₋₄ alkoxy. In a particular embodiment, R⁴ is OMe, OEt, or OiPr. In a more particular embodiment, R⁴ is OMe.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula I or II, wherein R⁴ is C₁₋₄ alkoxy substituted with one C₁₋₄ alkoxy, or phenyl. In a particular embodiment, R⁴ is OMe, OEt, or OiPr, each of which is substituted with one C₁₋₄ alkoxy, or phenyl. In a more particular embodiment, R⁴ is C₁₋₄ alkoxy substituted with one OMe, OEt, or phenyl. In another more particular embodiment, R⁴ is OMe, OEt, or OiPr, each of which is substituted with one OMe, OEt, or phenyl. In a most particular embodiment, R⁴ is —OCH₂—CH₂—OCH₃, —OCH₂-Ph.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula I or II, wherein R⁴ is C₁₋₄ thioalkoxy. In a particular embodiment, R⁴ is —SCH₃, or —SCH₂CH₃. In a more particular embodiment, R⁴ is —SCH₃.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula I or II, wherein R⁴ is 4-7-membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl comprising one or more heteroatoms independently selected from N, S, and O. In a particular embodiment, R⁴ is azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, or dioxanyl. In a more particular embodiment, R⁴ is azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, or morpholinyl.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula I or II, wherein R⁴ is 4-7-membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl comprising one or more heteroatoms independently selected from N, S, and O, substituted with one or more halo, —C(═O)OC₁₋₄ alkyl. In a particular embodiment, R⁴ is 4-7-membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl comprising one or more heteroatoms independently selected from N, S, and O, substituted with one, two or three independently selected F, Cl, —C(═O)OCH₃, —C(═O)OCH₂CH₃, or —C(═O)OC(CH₃)₃. In another particular embodiment, R⁴ is azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, or dioxanyl, each of which is substituted with one, two or three independently selected F, Cl, —C(═O)OCH₃, —C(═O)OCH₂CH₃, or —C(═O)OC(CH₃)₃. In a more particular embodiment, R⁴ is 4-7-membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl comprising one or more heteroatoms independently selected from N, S, and O, substituted with one F, Cl, —C(═O)OCH₃, —C(═O)OCH₂CH₃, or —C(═O)OC(CH₃)₃. In another particular embodiment, R⁴ is azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, or dioxanyl, each of which is substituted with one F, Cl, —C(═O)OCH₃, —C(═O)OCH₂CH₃, or —C(═O)OC(CH₃)₃. In a most particular embodiment, R⁴ is azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, or morpholinyl, each of which is substituted with one, two or three independently selected F, Cl. In another most particular embodiment, R⁴ is azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, or morpholinyl, each of which is substituted with one —C(═O)OCH₃, —C(═O)OCH₂CH₃, or —C(═O)OC(CH₃)₃.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula I or II, wherein R⁴ is phenyl.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula I or II, wherein R⁴ is —S(═O)₂C₁₋₄ alkyl. In a particular embodiment, R⁴ is —S(═O)₂CH₃, or —S(═O)₂CH₂CH₃.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula I or II, wherein R⁴ is —C(═O)OR^(7a), and R^(7a) is as previously described. In a particular embodiment, R^(7a) is H. In another particular embodiment, R^(7a) is C₁₋₄ alkyl. In yet another particular embodiment, R^(7a) is C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with one OH, C₁₋₄ alkoxy. In a more particular embodiment, R^(7a) is Me, Et, iPr or tBu. In another more particular embodiment, R^(7a) is Me, Et, iPr or tBu, each of which is substituted with one OH, C₁₋₄ alkoxy. In yet another more particular embodiment, R^(7a) is Me, Et, iPr or tBu, each of which is substituted with one OH, —OCH₃. In a most particular embodiment, R⁴ is —C(═O)OCH₃, —C(═O)OCH₂CH₃, or —C(═O)OC(CH₃)₃.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula I or II, wherein R⁴ is —C(═O)NR^(7b)R^(7c), and each R^(7b) or R^(7c) is as previously described. In a particular embodiment, R^(7b) and R^(7c) are H. In another particular embodiment, one of R^(7b) or R^(7c) is H, and the other is C₁₋₄ alkyl. In yet another particular embodiment, one of R^(7b) or R^(7c) is H, and the other is C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with one OH, C₁₋₄ alkoxy. In a further particular embodiment, R^(7b) and R^(7c) are C₁₋₄ alkyl. In a more particular embodiment, one of R^(7b) or R^(7c) is H, and the other is Me, Et, iPr or tBu. In another more particular embodiment, one of R^(7b) or R^(7c) is H, and the other is Me, Et, iPr or tBu, each of which is substituted with one OH, C₁₋₄ alkoxy. In yet another more particular embodiment, one of R^(7b) or R^(7c) is H, and the other is Me, Et, iPr or tBu, each of which is substituted with one OH, —OCH₃. In a most particular embodiment, R⁴ is —C(═O)NHCH₃, —C(═O)N(CH₃)₂, —C(═O)NHCH₂CH₃, —C(═O)NHCH₂CH₂—OH or —C(═O)NHCH₂CH₂—OCH₃.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula I or II, wherein R⁴ is —NHC(═O)OR^(7d), and R^(7d) is as previously described. In a particular embodiment, R^(7d) is H. In another particular embodiment, R^(7d) is C₁₋₄ alkyl. In yet another particular embodiment, R^(7d) is C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with one OH, C₁₋₄ alkoxy. In a more particular embodiment, R^(7d) is Me, Et, iPr or tBu. In another more particular embodiment, R^(7d) is Me, Et, iPr or tBu, each of which is substituted with one OH, C₁₋₄ alkoxy. In yet another more particular embodiment, R^(7d) is Me, Et, iPr or tBu, each of which is substituted with one OH, —OCH₃. In a most particular embodiment, R⁴ is —NHC(═O)OCH₃, —NHC(═O)OCH₂CH₃, or —NHC(═O)OC(CH₃)₃.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula I or II, wherein R⁴ is —NHC(═O)R^(7e), and R^(7e) is as previously described. In a particular embodiment, R^(7e) is H. In another particular embodiment, R^(7e) is C₁₋₄ alkyl. In yet another particular embodiment, R^(7e) is C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with one OH, C₁₋₄ alkoxy. In a more particular embodiment, R^(7e) is Me, Et, iPr or tBu. In another more particular embodiment, R^(7e) is Me, Et, iPr or tBu, each of which is substituted with one OH, C₁₋₄ alkoxy. In yet another more particular embodiment, R^(7e) is Me, Et, iPr or tBu, each of which is substituted with one OH, —OCH₃. In a most particular embodiment, R⁴ is —NHC(═O)CH₃, —NHC(═O)CH₂CH₃, or —NHC(═O)C(CH₃)₃.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula I or II, wherein R⁴ is —NR^(8a)R^(8b), and each R^(8a) or R^(8b) is as previously described. In a particular embodiment, R^(8a) and R^(8b) are H. In another particular embodiment, one of R^(8a) or R^(8b) is H, and the other is C₁₋₄ alkyl. In yet another particular embodiment, one of R^(8a) or R^(8b) is H, and the other is C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with one OH, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, or phenyl. In a further particular embodiment, R^(8a) and R^(8b) are C₁₋₄ alkyl. In a more particular embodiment, one of R^(8a) or R^(8b) is H, and the other is Me, Et, iPr or tBu. In another more particular embodiment, one of R^(8a) or R^(8b) is H, and the other is Me, Et, iPr or tBu, each of which is substituted with one OH, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, or phenyl. In yet another more particular embodiment, one of R^(8a) or R^(8b) is H, and the other is Me, Et, iPr or tBu, each of which is substituted with one OH, —OCH₃, or phenyl. In a most particular embodiment, R⁴ is —NH₂, —NHCH₃, —N(CH₃)₂, —NHCH₂Phenyl, or —NHCH₂CH₂—OCH₃.

In another embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula I or II, wherein R¹ is 4-7 membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl comprising 1 to 2 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S. In a particular embodiment, R¹ is azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, or dioxanyl. In a more particular embodiment, R¹ is azetidinyl.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula I or II, wherein R¹ is 4-7 membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl comprising 1 to 2 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, substituted with one or more independently selected C₁₋₄ alkyl, —C(═O)C₁₋₄ alkyl, or —C(═O)OC₁₋₄ alkyl. In another embodiment, R¹ is azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, or dioxanyl, each of which is substituted with one or more independently selected C₁₋₄ alkyl, —C(═O)C₁₋₄ alkyl, or —C(═O)OC₁₋₄ alkyl. In a particular embodiment, R¹ is 4-7 membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl comprising 1 to 2 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, substituted with one C₁₋₄ alkyl, —C(═O)C₁₋₄ alkyl, or —C(═O)OC₁₋₄ alkyl. In another particular embodiment, R¹ is azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, or dioxanyl, each of which is substituted with one C₁₋₄ alkyl, —C(═O)C₁₋₄ alkyl, or —C(═O)OC₁₋₄ alkyl. In a more particular embodiment, R¹ is 4-7 membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl comprising 1 to 2 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, substituted with one or more independently selected —CH₃, —C(═O)CH₃, or —C(═O)OC(CH₃)₃. In another more particular embodiment, R¹ is azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, or dioxanyl, each of which is substituted with one or more independently selected —CH₃, —C(═O)CH₃, —C(═O)OCH₃, or —C(═O)OC(CH₃)₃. In yet another more particular embodiment, R¹ is azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, or dioxanyl, each of which is substituted with one —C(═O)CH₃, —C(═O)OCH₃, or —C(═O)OC(CH₃)₃.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula I or II, wherein R¹ is phenyl.

In another embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula I or II, wherein R¹ is phenyl substituted with one or more independently selected R⁵ groups. In a particular embodiment, R¹ is phenyl substituted with one, two, or three independently selected R⁵ groups. In another particular embodiment, R¹ is phenyl substituted with one R⁵ group.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula I or II, wherein R¹ is 5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl comprising 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S. In a particular embodiment, R¹ is imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl or pyrazinyl.

In another embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula I or II, wherein R¹ is 5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl comprising 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S substituted with one or more independently selected R⁵ groups. In another embodiment R¹ is imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl or pyrazinyl, each of which is substituted with one or more independently selected R⁵ groups. In a particular embodiment, R¹ is 5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl comprising 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S substituted with one, two, or three independently selected R⁵ groups. In another particular embodiment, R¹ is imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl or pyrazinyl, each of which is substituted with one, two, or three independently selected R⁵ groups. In a more particular embodiment, R¹ is 5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl comprising 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S substituted with one R⁵ group. In another more particular embodiment, R¹ is imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl or pyrazinyl, each of which is substituted with one R⁵ group.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula I or II, wherein R⁵ is halo, OH, or CN. In a particular embodiment, R⁵ is F, Cl, OH, or CN.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula I or II, wherein R⁵ is C₁₋₄ alkyl. In a particular embodiment, R⁵ is Me, Et, or iPr.

In another embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula I or II, wherein R⁵ is C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with one or more independently selected halo, —NR^(9a)R^(9b), —C(═O)NR^(9c)R^(9d), wherein R^(9a), R^(9b), R^(9c), or R^(9d) is as previously described. In another embodiment, R⁵ is Me, or Et, each of which is substituted with one or more independently selected halo, —NR^(9a)R^(9b), —C(═O)NR^(9c)R^(9d). In a particular embodiment, R⁵ is C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with one, two or three independently selected halo, —NR^(9a)R^(9b), or —C(═O)NR^(9c)R^(9d). In another particular embodiment, R⁵ is Me, or Et, each of which is substituted with one, two, or three independently selected halo, —NR^(9a)R^(9b), or —C(═O)NR^(9c)R^(9d). In a more particular embodiment, R⁵ is C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with one halo, —NR^(9a)R^(9b), or —C(═O)NR^(9c)R^(9d). In another more particular embodiment, R⁵ is Me, or Et, each of which is substituted with one halo, —NR^(9a)R^(9b), or —C(═O)NR^(9c)R^(9d). In one embodiment, each R^(9a), R^(9b), R^(9c), or R^(9d) is independently selected from H, Me, and Et. In a most particular embodiment, R⁵ is —CF₃, —CH₂NH₂, —CH₂NHMe, —CH₂NMe₂, —CH₂C(═O)NH₂, —CH₂C(═O)NHMe, or —CH₂C(═O)NMe₂.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula I or II, wherein R⁵ is C₁₋₄ alkoxy. In a particular embodiment, R⁵ is —OMe, -OEt, or -OiPr.

In another embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula I or II, wherein R⁵ is C₁₋₄ alkoxy substituted with one —NR^(9e)R^(9f), wherein R^(9e) are R^(9f) as previously described. In another embodiment, R⁵ is —OEt, substituted with one —NR^(9e)R^(9f). In one embodiment, each R^(9e), and R^(9f), is independently selected from H, Me, and Et. In a most particular embodiment, R⁵ is —OCH₂CH₂NH₂, —OCH₂CH₂NHMe, or —OCH₂CH₂NMe₂.

In another embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula I or II, wherein R⁵ is —S(═O)₂C₁₋₄ alkyl. In a particular embodiment, R⁵ is —S(═O)₂CH₃.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula IIIa or IIIb:

wherein R², R^(3a), R^(3b), and Cy are as described above.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to any one of Formulae I-IIIb, wherein R² is H.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to any one of Formulae I-IIIb, wherein R² is —OH.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to any one of Formulae I-IIIb, wherein R² is C₁₋₄ alkoxy. In a particular embodiment, R² is —OMe, -OEt, or -OiPr. In a more particular embodiment, R² is —OMe.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to any one of Formulae I-IIIb, wherein R² is C₁₋₄ alkyl. In a particular embodiment, R² is Me, Et, or iPr. In a more particular embodiment, R² is Me, or Et.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to any one of Formulae I-IIIb, wherein R² is C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with one OH, or CN. In a particular embodiment, R² is Me, or Et, each of which is substituted with one OH, or CN. In a more particular embodiment, R² is —CH₂—OH, or —CH₂—CN.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to any one of Formulae I-IIIb, wherein R² is C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with one C₁₋₄ alkoxy optionally substituted with one phenyl. In another embodiment, R² is Me, or Et, each of which is substituted with one C₁₋₄ alkoxy optionally substituted with one phenyl. In a particular embodiment, R² is C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with one —OMe, -OEt, each of which is optionally substituted with one phenyl. In another particular embodiment, R² is Me, or Et, each of which is substituted with one —OMe, -OEt, each of which is optionally substituted with one phenyl. In a more particular embodiment, R² is —CH₂OCH₃, —CH₂OCH₂CH₃, —CH₂OCH₂CH₂OCH₃, or —CH₂OCH₂Phenyl.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to any one of Formulae I-IIIb, wherein R² is C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with one 5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl comprising 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, optionally substituted with one or more independently selected C₁₋₄ alkyl. In another embodiment, R² is Me, or Et, each of which is substituted with one 5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl comprising 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, optionally substituted with one or more independently selected C₁₋₄ alkyl. In a particular embodiment, R² is C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with one imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more independently selected C₁₋₄ alkyl. In another particular embodiment, R² is Me or Et, each of which is substituted with one imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more independently selected C₁₋₄ alkyl. In a more particular embodiment, R² is C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with one imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more independently selected Me, or Et. In another particular embodiment, R² is Me, or Et, each of which is substituted with one imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more independently selected Me, or Et.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula IVa or IVb:

wherein R^(3a), R^(3b), X, and Cy are as described above.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to any one of Formulae I-IVb, wherein R^(3a), and R^(3b) are both H. In another embodiment, one of R^(3a) and R^(3b) is H, and the other is C₁₋₄ alkyl. In a particular embodiment, one of R^(3a) and R^(3b) is H, and the other is Me, or Et. In a more particular embodiment, one of R^(3a) and R^(3b) is H, and the other is Me, or Et. In a most particular embodiment, one of R^(3a) and R^(3b) is H, and the other is Me. In another most particular embodiment, R^(3a) and R^(3b) are both Me.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula Va, or Vb:

wherein Cy is as described above.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to any one of Formulae I-Vb, wherein Cy is 6-10 membered monocyclic or fused bicyclic aryl. In a particular embodiment, Cy is phenyl, or naphthyl. In a more particular embodiment, Cy is phenyl.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to any one of Formulae I-Vb, wherein Cy is 6-10 membered monocyclic or fused bicyclic aryl substituted with one or more independently selected R⁶ groups. In another embodiment, Cy is phenyl, or naphthyl, each of which is substituted with one or more independently selected R⁶ groups. In a particular embodiment, Cy is 6-10 membered monocyclic or fused bicyclic aryl substituted with one, two or three independently selected R⁶ groups. In another embodiment, Cy is phenyl, or naphthyl, each of which is substituted with one, two or three independently selected R⁶ groups. In a more particular embodiment, Cy is 6-10 membered monocyclic or fused bicyclic aryl substituted with one R⁶ group. In another embodiment, Cy is phenyl, or naphthyl, each of which is substituted with one R⁶ group.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to any one of Formulae I-Vb, wherein Cy is 5-10 membered monocyclic or fused bicyclic heteroaryl comprising 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S. In a particular embodiment, Cy is pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, indolyl, indazolyl, pyrrolopyridinyl, or benzofuranyl. In a more particular embodiment, Cy is pyridinyl.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to any one of Formulae I-Vb, wherein Cy is 5-10 membered monocyclic or fused bicyclic heteroaryl comprising 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S substituted with one or more independently selected R⁶ groups. In another embodiment, Cy is pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, indolyl, indazolyl, pyrrolopyridinyl, or benzofuranyl, each of which is substituted with one or more independently selected R⁶ groups. In a particular embodiment, Cy is 5-10 membered monocyclic or fused bicyclic heteroaryl comprising 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S substituted with one, two or three independently selected R⁶ groups. In another embodiment, Cy is pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, indolyl, indazolyl, pyrrolopyridinyl, or benzofuranyl, each of which is substituted with one, two or three independently selected R⁶ groups. In a more particular embodiment, Cy is 5-10 membered monocyclic heteroaryl comprising 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S substituted with one R⁶ group. In another embodiment, Cy is pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, indolyl, indazolyl, pyrrolopyridinyl, or benzofuranyl, each of which is substituted with one R⁶ group.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to any one of Formulae I-Vb, wherein R⁶ is halo, —CN, or —NO₂. In a particular embodiment, R⁶ is F, Cl, —CN, or —NO₂.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to any one of Formulae I-Vb, wherein R⁶ is —CH₃.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to any one of Formulae I-Vb, wherein R⁶ is 5-10 membered monocyclic or fused bicyclic heteroaryl comprising 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, optionally substituted with one or more independently selected halo, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy. In another embodiment, R⁶ is pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, or pyrimidinyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more independently selected halo, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy. In a particular embodiment, R⁶ is 5-10 membered monocyclic or fused bicyclic heteroaryl comprising 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, optionally substituted with one, two, or three independently selected halo, C₁₋₄ alkyl, or C₁₋₄ alkoxy. In another particular embodiment, R⁶ is pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, or pyrimidinyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one, two, or three independently selected halo, C₁₋₄ alkyl, or C₁₋₄ alkoxy. In a more particular embodiment, R⁶ is 5-10 membered monocyclic or fused bicyclic heteroaryl comprising 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, optionally substituted with one halo, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy. In another more particular embodiment, R⁶ is pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, or pyrimidinyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one halo, C₁₋₄ alkyl, or C₁₋₄ alkoxy. In a most particular embodiment, R⁶ is 5-10 membered monocyclic or fused bicyclic heteroaryl comprising 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, optionally substituted with one, two, or three independently selected F, Cl, Me, Et, —OMe, or —OEt. In another more particular embodiment, R⁶ is pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, or pyrimidinyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one, two, or three independently selected F, Cl, Me, Et, —OMe, or —OEt.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to any one of Formulae I-Vb, wherein R⁶ is —NR^(9g)R^(9h), wherein R^(9g) and R^(9h) are as previously described. In a particular embodiment, R^(9g) and R^(9h) are both H. In another particular embodiment, R^(9g) and R^(9h) are both C₁₋₄ alkyl. In yet another particular embodiment, one of R^(9g) and R^(9h) is H, and the other is C₁₋₄ alkyl. In a more particular embodiment, R⁶ is —NH₂, —NHMe, or —NMe₂.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula VIa or VIb:

wherein each one of R^(6a), R^(6b) and R^(6c) is independently selected from H, halo, —CN, and —CH₃.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula VIa or VIb, wherein each one of R^(6a), R^(6b) and R^(6c) is independently selected from H, halo, and —CH₃. In a more particular embodiment, each one of R^(6a), R^(6b) and R^(6c) is independently selected from H, F, Cl, and —CH₃.

In another particular embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula VIa or VIb, wherein R^(6b) is H, and each one of R^(6a), and R^(6c) is independently selected from H, halo, and —CH₃. In a particular embodiment, R^(6b) is H, and each one of R^(6a), and R^(6c) is independently selected from H, F, Cl, and —CH₃. In a more particular embodiment, R^(6b) is H, and each one of R^(6a), and R^(6c) is independently selected from H, F, and Cl.

In another particular embodiment, a compound of the invention is according to Formula VIa or VIb, wherein R^(6a) is H, and each one of R^(6b), and R^(6c) is independently selected from H, halo, and —CH₃. In a particular embodiment, R^(6a) is H, and each one of R^(6b), and R^(6c) is independently selected from H, F, Cl, and —CH₃. In a more particular embodiment, R^(6a) is H, and each one of R^(6b), and R^(6c) is independently selected from H, F, and Cl.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is selected from:

-   Cpd 1     5-methyl-5-[3-oxo-3-(4-phenylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 2     5-[3-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 3     5-[3-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 4     5-[3-oxo-3-(4-phenylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl]-5-phenyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 5     5-[3-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-phenyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 6     5-[3-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-phenyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 7     5-[3-[4-(o-tolyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-phenyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 8     5-[3-[4-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-phenyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 9     5-[3-[4-(2-naphthyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-phenyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 10     5-[3-[4-(4-chloro-3-fluoro-phenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-phenyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 11     5-[3-[4-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 12     5-methyl-5-[3-[4-(o-tolyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 13     5-[3-[4-(4-chloro-2-methyl-phenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-phenyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 14     5-[3-[4-(6-isoquinolyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-phenyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 15     5-[3-oxo-3-[4-(2-quinolyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl]-5-phenyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 16     5-[3-[4-(5-chloro-2-methyl-phenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 17     5-[3-[4-(4-chloro-2-methyl-phenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 18     5-[3-[4-(3-chloro-2-methyl-phenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 19     5-[3-[4-(2-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 20     5-[3-[4-(2-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-phenyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 21     5-[3-[4-(3-chloro-2-methyl-phenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-phenyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 22     5-[3-[4-(2,6-dimethylphenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-phenyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 23     5-[3-[4-(3-methyl-4-nitro-phenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-phenyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 24     5-[3-[4-(5-chloro-2-methyl-phenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-phenyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 25     5-[3-[4-(benzofuran-5-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-phenyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 26     5-[3-[4-(1,3-benzothiazol-5-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-phenyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 27     (5S)-5-[3-[4-(o-tolyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-phenyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 28     5-[3-[4-(4-bromophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 29     2-[4-[3-(4-methyl-2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-4-yl)propanoyl]piperazin-1-yl]benzonitrile, -   Cpd 30     5-[3-[4-(2-fluorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 31     5-[3-[4-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-phenyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 32     5-isopropyl-5-[3-[4-(o-tolyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 33     5-[3-[4-(5-chloro-2-methyl-phenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-isopropyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 34     5-[3-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-cyclopropyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 35     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[4-(o-tolyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 36     5-[3-[4-(5-chloro-2-methyl-phenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-cyclopropyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 37     5-[3-[4-(3,4-difluorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 38     5-[3-[4-(2,4-dimethylphenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 39     5-[3-[4-(2,5-dimethylphenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 40     5-[3-[4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 41     5-[3-[4-(2,3-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 42     5-methyl-5-[3-oxo-3-[4-(2-pyridyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 43     5-methyl-5-[3-oxo-3-[4-(3-pyridyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 44     5-[3-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 45     5-[3-oxo-3-[4-(3-pyridyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl]-5-phenyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 46     5-[3-[4-(5-chloro-2-methyl-phenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(3-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 47     5-[3-[4-(3-fluorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 48     5-[3-[4-(3-bromophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 49     5-[3-[4-(4-chloro-3-fluoro-phenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 50     5-[3-[4-[2-(dimethylamino)phenyl]piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 51     5-[3-[4-(5-fluoro-2-methyl-phenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 52     5-[3-[4-(3-chloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 53     5-[3-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-isopropyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 54     5-[3-[4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-isopropyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 55     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 56     5-[3-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(3-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 57     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[4-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 58     5-[3-[4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(2-dimethylaminoethyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 59     5-methyl-5-[3-oxo-3-(4-thiazol-2-ylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 60     5-[3-[4-(3-fluoro-2-methyl-phenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 61     5-[3-[4-(4-fluoro-2-methyl-phenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 62     5-[3-(3-methyl-4-phenyl-piperazin-1-yl)-3-oxo-propyl]-5-phenyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 63     5-methyl-5-[3-(3-methyl-4-phenyl-piperazin-1-yl)-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 64     5-[3-[4-(o-tolyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(3-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 65     5-[3-[4-(5-chloro-2-methyl-phenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(2-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 66     5-[3-[4-(4-fluorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 67     5-[3-[4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 68     5-[3-oxo-3-(4-phenylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl]-5-(3-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 69     5-[3-[4-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(3-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 70     5-[3-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-cyclobutyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 71     5-[3-[4-(5-chloro-2-methyl-phenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-cyclobutyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 72     5-[3-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-cyclohexyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 73     5-[3-[4-(5-chloro-2-methyl-phenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-cyclohexyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 74     5-(4-chlorophenyl)-5-[3-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 75     5-[3-[4-(5-chloro-2-methyl-phenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(4-chlorophenyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 76     5-[3-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(p-tolyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 77     5-[3-[4-(5-chloro-2-methyl-phenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(p-tolyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 78     5-[3-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 79     5-[3-[4-(5-chloro-2-methyl-phenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(4-methoxyphenyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 80     5-[3-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-[4-(2-dimethylaminoethyloxy)phenyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 81     5-[4-(2-dimethylaminoethyloxy)phenyl]-5-[3-[4-(o-tolyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 82     5-[4-(dimethylaminomethyl)phenyl]-5-[3-[4-(o-tolyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 83     5-[3-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-[4-(dimethylaminomethyl)phenyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 84     5-[3-[4-(5-fluoro-3-pyridyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 85     5-[3-[4-(5-chloro-3-pyridyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 86     5-[3-[4-(5-bromo-3-pyridyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 87     5-[3-[4-(2,5-dimethylphenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(2-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 88     5-[3-[4-(2,5-dimethylphenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(3-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 89     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[4-(2,5-dimethylphenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 90     5-[3-[4-(3,4-difluorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(3-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 91     5-[3-[4-(3-chloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(3-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 92     5-[3-[4-(5-fluoro-2-methyl-phenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(3-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 93     5-[3-[4-(4-chloro-5-fluoro-2-methyl-phenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 94     5-[3-[4-(4,5-difluoro-2-methyl-phenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 95     5-[3-[4-(3,4-difluorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(2-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 96     5-[3-[4-(3-chloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(2-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 97     5-[3-[4-(3-fluoro-2-methyl-phenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(3-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 98     5-[3-[4-(3-chloro-2-methyl-phenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-cyclopropyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 99     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[4-(3-fluoro-2-methyl-phenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 100     5-[3-[4-(3-fluoro-2-methyl-phenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(2-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 101     5-[3-[4-(2,3-dimethylphenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(2-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 102     5-[3-[4-(3-chloro-2-methyl-phenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(3-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 103     5-[3-[4-(3-fluorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(2-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 104     5-[3-[4-(5-fluoro-2-methyl-phenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(2-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 105     5-[3-(3-methyl-4-phenyl-piperazin-1-yl)-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(3-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 106     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-(3-methyl-4-phenyl-piperazin-1-yl)-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 107     5-tert-butyl-5-[3-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 108     5-tert-butyl-5-[3-[4-(5-chloro-2-methyl-phenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 109     5-[3-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-cyclopentyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 110     5-[3-[4-(5-chloro-2-methyl-phenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-cyclopentyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 111     5-[3-[4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(3-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 112     5-[3-[4-(3-fluorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(3-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 113     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[4-(3,4-difluorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 114     5-[3-[4-(3-chloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-cyclopropyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 115     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[4-(3-fluorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 116     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[4-(5-fluoro-2-methyl-phenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 117     5-[3-[4-(3-chloro-5-fluoro-phenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 118     5-[3-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(dimethylaminomethyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 119     5-(dimethylaminomethyl)-5-[3-[4-(o-tolyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 120     5-[3-[4-(5-chloro-2-methyl-phenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(dimethylaminomethyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 121     5-[3-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-cyclopropyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 122     5-[3-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-ethyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 123     5-[3-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(3-methoxyphenyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 124     5-[3-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(4-methylsulfonylphenyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 125     4-[4-[3-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-4-yl]benzonitrile, -   Cpd 126     5-[3-[4-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(3-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 127     5-[3-[4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(3-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 128     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3R)-3-methyl-4-phenyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 129     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[4-(5-fluoro-2-methyl-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 130     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 131     5-[3-[(3R)-3-methyl-4-phenyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-phenyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 132     5-(5-chloro-2-methoxy-phenyl)-5-[3-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 133     5-(5-chloro-2-methoxy-phenyl)-5-[3-[4-(5-chloro-2-methyl-phenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 134     5-[3-[(3R)-3-methyl-4-phenyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(3-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 135     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3S)-3-methyl-4-phenyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 136     5-[3-[(3S)-3-methyl-4-phenyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(3-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 137     5-[3-[(3S)-3-methyl-4-phenyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-phenyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 138     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-oxo-3-(4-phenylpiperazin-1-yl)propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 139     5-[3-[4-(3,5-dichloro-2-methyl-phenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 140     5-[3-[4-(3,5-difluorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 141     5-[3-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(m-tolyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 142     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 143     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 144     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 145     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(5-fluoro-2-methyl-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 146     5-[3-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(2-methoxyphenyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 147     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-cyclopropyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 148     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3S)-4-(5-fluoro-2-methyl-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 149     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[4-(3-fluorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 150     5-[3-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-cyclopropyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 151     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3-fluorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 152     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3-chlorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-cyclopropyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 153     5-[3-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(2-oxoindolin-5-yl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 154     5-[3-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-[[2-methoxyethyl(methyl)amino]methyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 155     5-[3-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(morpholinomethyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 156     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 157     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3-fluorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 158     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3-chlorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 159     (5R)-5-[3-[4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 160     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 161     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 162     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(4-chloro-3-fluoro-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-cyclopropyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 163     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3-chloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-cyclopropyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 164     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(4-chloro-3-fluoro-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 165     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 166     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3-chloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 167     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 168     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 169     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3-chloro-5-fluoro-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-cyclopropyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 170     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3-chloro-5-fluoro-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 171     5-(aminomethyl)-5-[3-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 172     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 173     (5S)-5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 174     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[4-(5-fluoro-2-methyl-phenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 175     5-[3-[4-(5-fluoro-2-methyl-phenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 176     5-[3-[4-(3-chloro-2-methyl-phenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-cyclopropyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 177     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3,5-dichloro-2-methyl-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 178     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3,5-dichloro-2-methyl-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 179     5-[3-[4-(3-chloro-2-methyl-phenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 180     5-(aminomethyl)-5-[3-[4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 181     5-[(benzylamino)methyl]-5-[3-[4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 182 methyl     2-[4-[3-[4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-4-yl]acetate, -   Cpd 183     2-[4-[3-[4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-4-yl]acetic     acid, -   Cpd 184     5-[(benzylamino)methyl]-5-[3-[4-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 185     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[4-[2-(methylamino)phenyl]piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 186     5-[3-[4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(methoxymethyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 187     2-[4-[3-[4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-4-yl]-N-(2-methoxyethyl)acetamide, -   Cpd 188 tert-butyl     2-[4-[3-[4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-4-yl]acetate, -   Cpd 189     2-[4-[3-[4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-4-yl]-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)acetamide, -   Cpd 190     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3-fluorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 191     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 192     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3-chloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-cyclopropyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 193     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-cyclopropyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 194     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3-chloro-5-fluoro-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-cyclopropyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 195     3-[4-[3-(4-cyclopropyl-2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-4-yl)propanoyl]piperazin-1-yl]benzonitrile, -   Cpd 196     5-(azetidin-3-yl)-5-[3-[4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 197     5-[3-[4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(2-methylsulfanylethyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 198 tert-butyl     4-[[4-[3-[4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-4-yl]methyl]piperidine-1-carboxylate, -   Cpd 199     5-[3-[4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-tetrahydropyran-4-yl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 200     5-[3-[4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 201     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-2-hydroxy-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 202     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(4-chloro-5-fluoro-2-methyl-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 203     (5S)-5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3-fluorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 204     (5S)-5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 205     (5S)-5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 206     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-2-methoxy-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 207     (5S)-5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 208     5-[3-[4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(4-piperidylmethyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 209     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[4-[3-(dimethylamino)phenyl]piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 210     5-(2-aminoethyl)-5-[3-[4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 211     5-[3-[4-(3,4-difluorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 212     (5S)-5-cyclopropyl-5-[(2S)-3-[(3S)-4-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 213     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 214     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3-chlorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 215     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3-fluorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 216     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(5-fluoro-2-methyl-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 217     5-methyl-5-[2-methyl-3-[(3S)-3-methyl-4-phenyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 218     5-[3-[4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(2-methylsulfonylethyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 219     5-[3-[4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 220     5-[3-[4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-2-(hydroxymethyl)-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 221     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(2-methoxyethoxymethyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 222     5-[3-[4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(methoxymethyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 223     N-[[4-[3-[4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-4-yl]methyl]acetamide, -   Cpd 224     5-[3-[4-(3,4-difluorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(methoxymethyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 225     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(methoxymethyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 226     5-[3-[(S)-4-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(methoxymethyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 227     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3,5-dichloro-2-methyl-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(methoxymethyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 228     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(5-fluoro-2-methyl-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(methoxymethyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 229     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3-fluorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(methoxymethyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 230     5-[3-[4-(5-fluoro-2-methyl-phenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(methoxymethyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 231     5-[3-[4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(2-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 232     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3-chloro-2-methyl-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(methoxymethyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 233     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3-chlorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(methoxymethyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 234 tert-butyl     3-[4-[3-[4-(3,4-difluorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-4-yl]azetidine-1-carboxylate, -   Cpd 235 tert-butyl     N-[2-[4-[3-[4-(3,4-difluorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-4-yl]ethyl]carbamate, -   Cpd 236     5-[2-[4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)piperazine-1-carbonyl]butyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 237     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3-chloro-2-methyl-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 238     5-[3-[4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-2-[(2,5-dimethylpyrazol-3-yl)methyl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 239 tert-butyl     3-[4-[3-[(3S)-4-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-4-yl]azetidine-1-carboxylate, -   Cpd 240     5-(azetidin-3-yl)-5-[3-[4-(3,4-difluorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 241     5-(2-aminoethyl)-5-[3-[4-(3,4-difluorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 242     5-[3-[4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(morpholinomethyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 243     5-[3-[(3R,5S)-4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-3,5-dimethyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 244     5-[3-[(3R,5S)-4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-3,5-dimethyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(methoxymethyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 245     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3-chloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(2-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 246     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(morpholinomethyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 247     5-(azetidin-3-yl)-5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 248     5-(1-acetylazetidin-3-yl)-5-[3-[4-(3,4-difluorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 249     5-(1-acetylazetidin-3-yl)-5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 250     5-[3-[4-(4,5-dichloro-2-methyl-phenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 251     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 252     5-[3-[4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-[(3,3-difluoropyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 253     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3-chloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-[(3,3-difluoropyrrolidin-1-yl)methyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 254     4-[4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-[(4-methyl-2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-4-yl)methyl]-4-oxo-butanenitrile, -   Cpd 255     (5S)-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 25 6     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(6-chloropyrimidin-4-yl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-cyclopropyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 257     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3S)-4-(4,6-dichloro-2-pyridyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 258     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3S)-4-(2,6-dichloro-4-pyridyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 259     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3S)-3-methyl-4-(3-pyridyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 260     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(5-chloro-3-pyridyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-cyclopropyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 261     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3S)-4-(5-fluoro-3-pyridyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 262     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(4,5-dichloro-2-methyl-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 263     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3-fluorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(2-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 264     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(2-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 265     (5R)-5-[(2S)-3-[(3S)-4-(3-chloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 266     5-ethyl-5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3-fluorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 267     5-[3-[4-(4-chloro-2-fluoro-5-methyl-phenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 268     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3-fluorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-(hydroxymethyl)-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 269     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3-chlorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(2-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 270     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3-bromophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-cyclopropyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 271     5-[3-[(3S,5S)-4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-3,5-dimethyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 272     5-[3-[(3S,5S)-4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-3,5-dimethyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(methoxymethyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 273     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3S)-3-methyl-4-[3-(3-pyridyl)phenyl]piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 274     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3S)-4-(1H-indol-5-yl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 275     5-methyl-5-[2-methyl-3-[(3S)-3-methyl-4-(3-pyridyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 276     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(5-chloro-3-pyridyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 277     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(5-fluoro-3-pyridyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 278     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-oxo-3-[4-(4-pyridyl)piperazin-1-yl]propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 279     5-[3-[4-(4-chloro-3,5-difluoro-phenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(methoxymethyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 280     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(benzofuran-7-yl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-cyclopropyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 281     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3S)-3-methyl-4-[3-(4-pyridyl)phenyl]piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 282     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3S)-3-methyl-4-[3-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl]piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 283     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3S)-3-methyl-4-[3-(1-methylpyrazol-4-yl)phenyl]piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 284     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(4-chloropyrimidin-2-yl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-cyclopropyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 285     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(6-chloropyridazin-3-yl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-cyclopropyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 286     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3S)-3-methyl-4-pyrazin-2-yl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 287     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3-chloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(6-methyl-3-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 288     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3-chloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(4-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 289     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3S)-3-methyl-4-(3-quinolyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 290     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3S)-3-methyl-4-(1-methylindol-5-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 291     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3S)-3-methyl-4-(1-methylindol-6-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 292     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3-fluorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-(methoxymethyl)-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 293     5-[3-[4-(3-chloro-5-fluoro-2-methyl-phenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 294     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3-fluorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methoxy-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 295     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3-chloro-5-fluoro-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methoxy-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 296     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3S)-4-(1H-indazol-5-yl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 297     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3S)-3-methyl-4-(1-methylindazol-5-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 298     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3S)-4-(4-fluoro-3-methyl-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 299     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3-fluoro-4-methyl-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 300     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3S)-4-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 301     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(2-chloropyrimidin-4-yl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-cyclopropyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 302     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3S)-3-methyl-4-pyridazin-3-yl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 303     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3S)-3-methyl-4-(5-methyl-3-pyridyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 304     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3S)-3-methyl-4-pyrimidin-5-yl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 305     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(1,3-benzothiazol-6-yl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-cyclopropyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 306     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3-chloro-4-methyl-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-cyclopropyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 307     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3-chloro-5-fluoro-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(6-methyl-2-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 308     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3-fluorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(6-methyl-2-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 309     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(6-methyl-2-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 310     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(6-methyl-2-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 311     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3-chlorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(6-methyl-2-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 312     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(6-methyl-2-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 313     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3S)-4-(5-fluoro-3-pyridyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 314     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(5-chloro-3-pyridyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-cyclopropyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 315     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(4-chloro-3-fluoro-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(3-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 316     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3-chloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(3-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 317     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3-chloro-5-fluoro-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(3-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 318     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(3-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 319     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3-fluorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(3-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 320     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(3-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 321     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3S)-4-[3-(2-methoxy-4-pyridyl)phenyl]-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 322     5-[3-[(3S)-4-[3-(5-chloro-3-pyridyl)phenyl]-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-cyclopropyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 323     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3S)-3-methyl-4-[3-(2-methyl-3-pyridyl)phenyl]piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 324     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3S)-3-methyl-4-[3-(6-methyl-3-pyridyl)phenyl]piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 325     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(4-chloro-2-pyridyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-cyclopropyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 326     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3-chloro-5-fluoro-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-pyrazin-2-yl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 327     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-pyrazin-2-yl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 328     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3S)-3-methyl-4-(1-methylindol-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 329     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3S)-3-methyl-4-[3-(2-methyl-4-pyridyl)phenyl]piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 330     5-[(2S)-4-[3-(4-cyclopropyl-2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-4-yl)propanoyl]-2-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]pyridine-3-carbonitrile, -   Cpd 331     (S)-5-((S)-3-((S)-4-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-methyl-3-oxopropyl)-5-(methoxymethyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 332     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-pyrimidin-5-yl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 333     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3S)-3-methyl-4-(1-methylindazol-4-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 334     3-[(2S)-4-[3-(4-cyclopropyl-2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-4-yl)propanoyl]-2-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-5-fluoro-benzonitrile, -   Cpd 335     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-[6-(trifluoromethyl)-3-pyridyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 336     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(6-methoxy-2-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 337     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3S)-3-methyl-4-(1-methylpyrrolo[3,2-b]pyridin-6-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 338     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3S)-4-[3-fluoro-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl]-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 339     5-cyclopropyl-5-[(2S)-2-methyl-3-[(3S)-3-methyl-4-[3-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl]piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 340     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3S)-4-[4-fluoro-3-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl]-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 341     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3S)-3-methyl-4-(1-methylindazol-6-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 342     5-cyclopropyl-5-[2-methyl-3-[(3S)-3-methyl-4-(5-methyl-3-pyridyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 343     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3S)-4-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 344     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3S)-3-methyl-4-(5-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-3-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 345     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3-fluorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(2-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 346     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3-chloro-5-fluoro-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(2-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 347     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(2-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 348     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(2-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 349     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3-chloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-pyrazin-2-yl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 350     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3-fluorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-pyrazin-2-yl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 351     5-cyclopropyl-5-[2-methyl-3-[(3S)-3-methyl-4-(3-pyridyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 352     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3S)-3-methyl-4-(3-methyl-1,2,4-oxadiazol-5-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 353     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3S)-4-[3-(3,5-dimethyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl]-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 354     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(2-methyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 355     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3S)-3-methyl-4-[3-(3-methyl-1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl]piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 356     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(6-methoxy-3-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 357     (5S)-5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3S)-4-[3-fluoro-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl]-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 358     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3S)-3-methyl-4-[3-(1H-pyrazol-3-yl)phenyl]piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 359     5-[(2S)-3-[4-(5-chloro-3-pyridyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-ethyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 360     5-ethyl-5-[3-[(3S)-4-(5-fluoro-3-pyridyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 361     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(1-methylimidazol-4-yl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 362     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-oxazol-4-yl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 363     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(5-chloro-3-pyridyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(methoxymethyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 364     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(5-fluoro-3-pyridyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(methoxymethyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 365     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 366     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(4-fluorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(methoxymethyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 367     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(2-methyl-4-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 368     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3S)-3-methyl-4-[3-(2-methylpyrazol-3-yl)phenyl]piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 369     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3S)-4-[3-(3,5-dimethylisoxazol-4-yl)phenyl]-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 370     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3S)-4-[3-(1-isopropylpyrazol-4-yl)phenyl]-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 371     5-methyl-5-[(2-methyl-3-[(3S)-3-methyl-4-[3-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl]piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 372     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3S)-3-methyl-4-(3-pyrazin-2-ylphenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 373     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(6-chloropyridazin-4-yl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-cyclopropyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 374     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3S)-3-methyl-4-(1-methylpyrazol-3-yl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 375     5-[3-[(3S)-4-[3-fluoro-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl]-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 376     5-[3-[(3S)-4-[3-fluoro-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl]-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(methoxymethyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 377     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3S)-3-methyl-4-(3-pyrimidin-5-ylphenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 378     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3S)-4-[4-fluoro-3-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl]-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 379     5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3S)-4-[3-fluoro-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl]-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 380     5-(methoxymethyl)-5-[2-methyl-3-[(3S)-3-methyl-4-[3-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)phenyl]piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 381     5-[3-[(3S)-4-[3-(6-chloropyridazin-3-yl)phenyl]-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-cyclopropyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 382     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-pyrimidin-2-yl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 383     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3-chloro-5-fluoro-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(6-methyl-3-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 384     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(6-methyl-3-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 385     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3-fluorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(6-methyl-3-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 386     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(6-methyl-3-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 387     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(5-methylisoxazol-3-yl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 388     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3-chloro-5-fluoro-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-oxazol-4-yl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 389     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3-chloro-5-fluoro-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(1-methylimidazol-4-yl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 390     (5R)-5-[3-[4-(4-chloro-3-methyl-phenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 391     (5R)-5-[3-[(3S)-4-[4-chloro-3-(dimethylamino)phenyl]-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 392     (5R)-5-[3-[(3S)-4-[4-chloro-3-(methylamino)phenyl]-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 393     (5R)-5-methyl-5-[3-[4-(m-tolyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 394     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(1-methylpyrazol-3-yl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 395     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(2-methyloxazol-4-yl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 396     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(2,5-dimethyloxazol-4-yl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 397     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(1-methylpyrazol-4-yl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 398     (5R)-5-[3-[(3S)-4-(2,5-dimethylphenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 399     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(1-methylazetidin-3-yl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 400     (5R)-5-[3-[(3S)-4-(4-chloro-3,5-dimethyl-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 401     (5R)-5-[3-[4-(4-chloro-3,5-dimethyl-phenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 402     2-[4-[3-[4-(4-chloro-3-methyl-phenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-4-yl]-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)acetamide, -   Cpd 403     (5S)-5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3R)-4-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 404     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(4-chloro-3,5-difluoro-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 405     5-{3-[(S)-4-(3-Chloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl}-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione,     and -   Cpd 406     5-{3-[(S)-4-(3-Chloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl}-5-methoxymethyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione.

In another embodiment, a compound of the invention is selected from:

-   Cpd 407     5-(3-(4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-(pyridin-2-yl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 408     5-cyclopropyl-5-(3-((S)-4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 409     5-cyclopropyl-5-(3-(4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methyl-3-oxopropyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 410     5-(3-(4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methyl-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 411     5-(3-((S)-4-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-methyl-3-oxopropyl)-5-cyclopropylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 412     5-(3-((S)-4-(4-chlorophenyl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-methyl-3-oxopropyl)-5-cyclopropylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 413     5-(3-((S)-4-(3-chloro-5-fluorophenyl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-methyl-3-oxopropyl)-5-cyclopropylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 414     (R)-5-(3-((S)-4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 415     5-(benzyloxymethyl)-5-(3-(4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methyl-3-oxopropyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 416     5-cyclopropyl-5-(3-((S)-4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 417     5-(3-(4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methyl-3-oxopropyl)-5-(hydroxymethyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 418     5-(3-((S)-4-(3-chloro-5-fluorophenyl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-methyl-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 419     (R)-5-((S)-3-((S)-4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-methyl-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 420     5-(3-((S)-4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-methyl-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 421     5-(3-((S)-4-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-methyl-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 422     5-(3-((S)-4-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-methyl-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 423     5-(3-((S)-4-(3,5-dichloro-2-methylphenyl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-methyl-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 424     5-(2-(benzyloxymethyl)-3-(4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 425     5-(3-(4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 426     5-(3-((S)-4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-methyl-3-oxopropyl)-5-((2-methoxyethoxy)methyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 427     5-(3-(4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methyl-3-oxopropyl)-5-(methoxymethyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 428     5-(3-(4-(3,4-difluorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methyl-3-oxopropyl)-5-(methoxymethyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 429     5-(3-((S)-4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-methyl-3-oxopropyl)-5-(methoxymethyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 430     5-(3-((S)-4-(3,5-dichloro-2-methylphenyl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-methyl-3-oxopropyl)-5-(methoxymethyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 431     5-(3-((S)-4-(3-chloro-5-fluorophenyl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-methyl-3-oxopropyl)-5-(methoxymethyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 432     5-(3-((S)-4-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-methyl-3-oxopropyl)-5-(methoxymethyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 433     5-(3-(4-(3-chloro-2-methylphenyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methyl-3-oxopropyl)-5-(methoxymethyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 434     5-(3-(4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methyl-3-oxopropyl)-5-(pyridin-2-yl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 435     5-(2-(4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)piperazine-1-carbonyl)butyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 436     5-(3-(4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-(methoxymethyl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 43 7     5-(3-((S)-4-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-methyl-3-oxopropyl)-5-(pyridin-2-yl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 438     5-(2-(4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)piperazine-1-carbonyl)-3-methylbutyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 439     5-(3-(4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methoxy-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 440     5-(3-(4-(4,5-dichloro-2-methylphenyl)piperazin-1-yl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 441     5-(3-((S)-4-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-methyl-3-oxopropyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 442     5-(3-((S)-4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-methyl-3-oxopropyl)-5-(pyridin-2-yl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 443     5-(3-((S)-4-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-(hydroxymethyl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 444     5-(3-((S)-4-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-methyl-3-oxopropyl)-5-ethylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 445     5-(3-((S)-4-(3-chloro-5-fluorophenyl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-methyl-3-oxopropyl)-5-ethylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 446     5-(3-((S)-4-(3-chlorophenyl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-methyl-3-oxopropyl)-5-(pyridin-2-yl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 447     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3-chloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(6-methyl-2-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 448     5-(3-(4-(4-chloro-3,5-difluorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl)-2-methyl-3-oxopropyl)-5-(methoxymethyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 449     5-(3-((S)-4-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-(methoxymethyl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 450     5-(3-((S)-4-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-methoxy-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 451     5-(3-((S)-4-(3-chloro-5-fluorophenyl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-(methoxymethyl)-3-oxopropyl)-5-methylimidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 452     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(6-methyl-2-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 453     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(3-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 454     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(4-chloro-3-fluoro-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(6-methyl-2-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 455     (S)-5-{(S)-3-[(S)-4-(3-Chloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl}-5-methoxymethyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 456     5-cyclopropyl-5-(3-((S)-4-(4-fluoro-3-methylphenyl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-methyl-3-oxopropyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 457     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3-chloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(2-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 458     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(2-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 459     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(2-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 460     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-pyrazin-2-yl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 461     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-pyrazin-2-yl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 462     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-pyrimidin-2-yl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 463     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3-chloro-5-fluoro-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-pyrimidin-2-yl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 464     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(6-methyl-3-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 465     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-oxazol-4-yl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 466     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(1-methylimidazol-4-yl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 467     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3-chloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(1-methylimidazol-4-yl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 468     (5R)-5-[3-[(3S)-4-(4-chloro-3-isopropyl-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 469     (5R)-5-[3-[(3S)-4-(4-chloro-3-methyl-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 470     (5R)-5-[3-[(3S)-4-(4-chloro-3,5-dimethyl-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 471     2-[4-[3-[(3S)-4-(4-chloro-3-ethyl-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-4-yl]acetic     acid, -   Cpd 472     (5R)-5-[3-[(3S)-4-[4-chloro-3-(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 473     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(4-chloro-3-ethyl-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(6-methyl-2-pyridyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 474     (5R)-5-[3-[(3S)-4-[4-chloro-3-(difluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 475 tert-butyl     3-[4-[3-[(3S)-4-(4-chloro-3-ethyl-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-4-yl]propanoate, -   Cpd 476     (5R)-5-[3-[(3S)-4-[4-chloro-3-(fluoromethyl)phenyl]-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 477     3-[4-[3-[(3S)-4-(4-chloro-3-ethyl-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-4-yl]propanoic     acid, -   Cpd 478     5-{3-[(S)-4-(4-Chloro-3-trifluoromethyl-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl}-5-methoxymethyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 479     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(4-chloro-3,5-difluoro-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione, -   Cpd 480     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(4-chloro-3,5-difluoro-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(methoxymethyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione,     and -   Cpd 481     5-[3-[(3S)-4-(4-chloro-3-ethyl-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(methoxymethyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione.

In one embodiment a compound of the invention is not an isotopic variant.

In one aspect a compound of the invention according to any one of the embodiments herein described is present as the free base.

In one aspect a compound of the invention according to any one of the embodiments herein described is a pharmaceutically acceptable salt.

In one aspect a compound of the invention according to any one of the embodiments herein described is a solvate of the compound.

In one aspect a compound of the invention according to any one of the embodiments herein described is a solvate of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a compound.

While specified groups for each embodiment have generally been listed above separately, a compound of the invention includes one in which several or each embodiment in the above Formula, as well as other formulae presented herein, is selected from one or more of particular members or groups designated respectively, for each variable. Therefore, this invention is intended to include all combinations of such embodiments within its scope.

While specified groups for each embodiment have generally been listed above separately, a compound of the invention may be one for which one or more variables (for example, R groups) is selected from one or more embodiments according to any of the Formula(e) listed above. Therefore, the present invention is intended to include all combinations of variables from any of the disclosed embodiments within its scope.

Alternatively, the exclusion of one or more of the specified variables from a group or an embodiment, or combinations thereof is also contemplated by the present invention.

In certain aspects, the present invention provides prodrugs and derivatives of the compounds according to the formulae above. Prodrugs are derivatives of the compounds of the invention, which have metabolically cleavable groups and become by solvolysis or under physiological conditions the compounds of the invention, which are pharmaceutically active, in vivo. Such examples include, but are not limited to, choline ester derivatives and the like, N-alkylmorpholine esters and the like.

Other derivatives of the compounds of this invention have activity in both their acid and acid derivative forms, but the acid sensitive form often offers advantages of solubility, tissue compatibility, or delayed release in the mammalian organism (Bundgaard, 1985). Prodrugs include acid derivatives well known to practitioners of the art, such as, for example, esters prepared by reaction of the parent acid with a suitable alcohol, or amides prepared by reaction of the parent acid compound with a substituted or unsubstituted amine, or acid anhydrides, or mixed anhydrides. Simple aliphatic or aromatic esters, amides and anhydrides derived from acidic groups pendant on the compounds of this invention are preferred prodrugs. In some cases it is desirable to prepare double ester type prodrugs such as (acyloxy)alkyl esters or ((alkoxycarbonyl)oxy)alkylesters. Particularly useful are the C₁ to C₈ alkyl, C₂-C₈ alkenyl, aryl, C₇-C₁₂ substituted aryl, and C₇-C₁₂ arylalkyl esters of the compounds of the invention.

Clauses

1. A compound according to Formula I:

wherein R¹ is:

-   -   H,     -   C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more independently         selected R⁴ groups,     -   C₃₋₇ monocyclic cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or         more independently selected R⁴ groups,     -   4-7 membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl comprising 1 to 2         heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, optionally         substituted with one or more independently selected C₁₋₄ alkyl,         —C(═O)C₁₋₄ alkyl, or —C(═O)OC₁₋₄ alkyl,     -   phenyl optionally substituted with one or more independently         selected R⁵ groups,     -   phenyl fused to a 5-6 membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl         comprising 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N,         O, and S, which heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with         one or more ═O, or     -   5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl comprising 1 or 2 heteroatoms         independently selected from N, O, and S, optionally substituted         with one or more independently selected R⁵ groups;         R² is independently selected from:     -   H,     -   OH,     -   C₁₋₄ alkoxy, and     -   C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted with one         -   OH,         -   CN,         -   C₁₋₄ alkoxy optionally substituted with one phenyl, or         -   5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl comprising 1 or 2             heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S,             optionally substituted with one or more independently             selected C₁₋₄ alkyl;             each R^(3a), and R^(3b) is independently selected from:     -   H, and     -   C₁₋₄ alkyl;         Cy is     -   6-10 membered monocyclic or fused bicyclic aryl optionally         substituted with one or more independently selected R⁶ groups,     -   5-10 membered monocyclic or fused bicyclic heteroaryl comprising         1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S,         optionally substituted with one or more independently selected         R⁶ groups;         R⁴ is     -   halo,     -   OH,     -   CN,     -   C₁₋₄ alkyl,     -   C₁₋₄ alkoxy optionally substituted with one C₁₋₄ alkoxy, or         phenyl,     -   C₁₋₄ thioalkoxy,     -   4-7-membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl comprising one or more         heteroatoms independently selected from N, S, and O, optionally         substituted with one or more halo, or —C(═O)OC₁₋₄ alkyl,     -   Phenyl,     -   —S(═O)₂C₁₋₄ alkyl,     -   —C(═O)OR^(7a),     -   —C(═O)NR^(7b)R^(7c),     -   —NHC(═O)OR^(7d),     -   —NHC(═O)R^(7e), or     -   —NR^(8a)R^(8b);         each R⁵ is     -   halo,     -   OH,     -   CN,     -   C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more independently         selected halo, —NR^(9a)R^(9b), —C(═O)NR^(9c)R^(9d),     -   C₁₋₄ alkoxy optionally substituted with one —NR^(9e)R^(9f), or     -   —S(═O)₂C₁₋₄ alkyl;         each R⁶ is     -   halo,     -   —CN,     -   —NO₂,     -   —CH₃,     -   5-10 membered monocyclic or fused bicyclic heteroaryl comprising         1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S,         optionally substituted with one or more independently selected         halo, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, or     -   —NR^(9g)R^(9h);         each R^(7a), R^(7b), R^(7c), R^(7d), or R^(7e), is     -   H, or     -   C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted with one OH, or C₁₋₄ alkoxy;         each R^(8a), or R^(8b) is independently selected from     -   H, and     -   C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted with OH, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, or         phenyl;         each R^(9a), R^(9b), R^(9c), R^(9d), R^(9e), R^(9f), R^(9g), and         R^(9h) is independently selected from H, and C₁₋₄ alkyl; or a         pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a solvate, or a         pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a solvate thereof; or a         biologically active metabolite thereof;         provided that:     -   R¹, and R² are not simultaneously H, and     -   When R¹ is Me, X is N, then Cy is not

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a solvate, or the salt of the solvate thereof. 2. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to clause 1, wherein the compound is according to Formula II:

3. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to clause 1 or 2, wherein R¹ is H. 4. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to clause 1 or 2, wherein R¹ is C₁₋₄ alkyl. 5. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to clause 1 or 2, wherein R¹ is Me, Et, Pr, iPr, or tBu. 6. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to clause 1 or 2, wherein R¹ is C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with one or more independently selected R⁴ groups. 7. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to clause 1 or 2, wherein R¹ is Me, Et, Pr, iPr, or tBu substituted with one or more independently selected R⁴ groups. 8. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to clause 1 or 2, wherein R¹ is C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with one R⁴ group. 9. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to clause 1 or 2, wherein R¹ is Me, Et, Pr, iPr, or tBu substituted with one R⁴ group. 10. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to clause 1 or 2, wherein R¹ is C₃₋₇ monocyclic cycloalkyl. 11. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to clause 1 or 2, wherein R¹ is cyclopropyl, cyclobutyl, cyclopentyl, or cyclohexyl. 12. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to clause 1 or 2, wherein R¹ is cyclopropyl. 13. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clauses 6-9, wherein R⁴ is selected from F, Cl, OH, and CN. 14. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clauses 6-9, wherein R⁴ is C₁₋₄ alkoxy. 15. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clauses 6-9, wherein R⁴ is OMe, OEt, or OiPr. 16. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clauses 6-9, wherein R⁴ is C₁₋₄ alkoxy substituted with one C₁₋₄ alkoxy, or phenyl. 17. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clauses 6-9, wherein R⁴ is OMe, OEt, or OiPr, each of which is substituted with one C₁₋₄ alkoxy, or phenyl. 18. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clauses 6-9, wherein R⁴ is OMe, OEt, or OiPr, each of which is substituted with one OMe, OEt, or phenyl. 19. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clauses 6-9, wherein R⁴ is C₁₋₄ thioalkoxy. 20. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clauses 6-9, wherein R⁴ is —SMe. 21. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clauses 6-9, wherein R⁴ is 4-7-membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl comprising one or more heteroatoms independently selected from N, S, and O. 22. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clauses 6-9, wherein R⁴ is azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, or dioxanyl. 23. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clauses 6-9, wherein R⁴ is 4-7-membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl comprising one or more heteroatoms independently selected from N, S, and O, substituted with one or more halo, or —C(═O)OC₁₋₄ alkyl. 24. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clauses 6-9, wherein R⁴ is azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, or dioxanyl, each of which is substituted with one or more halo, or —C(═O)OC₁₋₄ alkyl. 25. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clauses 6-9, wherein R⁴ is phenyl. 26. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clauses 6-9, wherein R⁴ is —S(═O)₂C₁₋₄ alkyl. 27. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clauses 6-9, wherein R⁴ is —S(═O)₂Me, or —S(═O)₂Et. 28. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clauses 6-9, wherein R⁴ is —C(═O)OR^(7a). 29. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to clause 28, wherein R^(7a) is H. 30. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to clause 28, wherein R^(7a) is C₁₋₄ alkyl. 31. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to clause 28, wherein R^(7a) is Me, Et, iPr or tBu. 32. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to clause 28, wherein R^(7a) is C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with one OH, or C₁₋₄ alkoxy. 33. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to clause 28, wherein R^(7a) is Me, Et, iPr or tBu, each of which is substituted with one OH, or C₁₋₄ alkoxy. 34. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clauses 6-9, wherein R⁴ is —C(═O)NR^(7b)R^(7c). 35. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to clause 34, wherein each R^(7b) or R^(7c) is independently selected from H, Me, and Et. 36. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clauses 6-9, wherein R⁴ is —NHC(═O)OR^(7d). 37. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to clause 36, wherein R^(7d) is selected from H, Me, Et, iPr and tBu. 38. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clauses 6-9, wherein R⁴ is —NHC(═O)R^(7e). 39. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to clause 38, wherein R^(7e) is selected from H, Me, Et, iPr and tBu. 40. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clauses 6-9, wherein R⁴ is —NR^(8a)R^(8b). 41. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to clause 40, wherein each R^(8a) or R^(8b) is independently selected from H, Me, Et, iPr and tBu. 42. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to clause 1 or 2, wherein R¹ is 4-7 membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl comprising 1 to 2 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S. 43. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to clause 1 or 2, wherein R¹ is azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, or dioxanyl. 44. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to clause 1 or 2, wherein R¹ is 4-7 membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl comprising 1 to 2 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, substituted with one or more independently selected C₁₋₄ alkyl, —C(═O)C₁₋₄ alkyl, or —C(═O)OC₁₋₄ alkyl. 45. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to clause 1 or 2, wherein R¹ is azetidinyl, pyrrolidinyl, piperidinyl, piperazinyl, morpholinyl, tetrahydrofuranyl, tetrahydropyranyl, or dioxanyl, each of which is substituted with one or more independently selected F, Cl, —CH₃, —C(═O)Me, —C(═O)OMe, or —C(═O)OEt. 46. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to clause 1 or 2, wherein R¹ is phenyl. 47. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to clause 1 or 2, wherein R¹ is phenyl substituted with one or more independently selected R⁵ groups. 48. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to clause 1 or 2, wherein R¹ is phenyl substituted with one R⁵ group. 49. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to clause 1 or 2, wherein R¹ is 5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl comprising 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S. 50. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to clause 1 or 2, wherein R¹ is imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl or pyrazinyl. 51. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to clause 1 or 2, wherein R¹ is 5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl comprising 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, substituted with one or more independently selected R⁵ groups. 52. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to clause 1 or 2, wherein R¹ is imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, thiazolyl, oxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl or pyrazinyl, each of which is substituted with one or more independently selected R⁵ groups. 53. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to clause 47, 48, 51 or 52, wherein R⁵ is F, Cl, OH, or CN. 54. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to clause 47, 48, 51 or 52, wherein R⁵ is C₁₋₄ alkyl. 55. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to clause 47, 48, 51 or 52, wherein R⁵ is Me, or Et. 56. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to clause 47, 48, 51 or 52, wherein R⁵ is C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with one or more independently selected halo. 57. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to clause 47, 48, 51 or 52, wherein R⁵ is Me, or Et, each of which is substituted with one or more independently selected F, or Cl. 58. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to clause 47, 48, 51 or 52, wherein R⁵ is C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with one —NR^(9a)R^(9b). 59. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to clause 47, 48, 51 or 52, wherein R⁵ is Me, or Et, each of which is substituted with one —NR^(9a)R^(9b). 60. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to clause 58 or 59, wherein each R^(9a) or R^(9b) is independently selected from H, Me, and Et. 61. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to clause 47, 48, 51 or 52, wherein R⁵ is C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with one —C(═O)NR^(9c)R^(9d). 62. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to clause 47, 48, 51 or 52, wherein R⁵ is Me, or Et, each of which is substituted with one —C(═O)NR^(9c)R^(9d). 63. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to clause 61 or 62, wherein each R^(9c) or R^(9d) is independently selected from H, Me, and Et. 64. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to clause 47, 48, 51 or 52, wherein R⁵ is C₁₋₄ alkoxy. 65. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to clause 47, 48, 51 or 52, wherein R⁵ is OMe, or OEt. 66. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to clause 47, 48, 51 or 52, wherein R⁵ is C₁₋₄ alkoxy substituted with one —NR^(9e)R^(9f). 67. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to clause 47, 48, 51 or 52, wherein R⁵ is OMe, or OEt, each of which is substituted with one —NR^(9e)R^(9f). 68. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to clause 66 or 67, wherein each R^(9e) or R^(9f) is independently selected from H, Me, and Et. 69. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to clause 47, 48, 51 or 52, wherein R⁵ is —S(═O)₂C₁₋₄ alkyl. 70. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to clause 47, 48, 51 or 52, wherein R⁵ is —S(═O)₂CH₃. 71. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clauses 1-70, wherein the compound is according to Formula IIIa or IIIb:

72. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clauses 1-71, wherein R² is H. 73. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clauses 1-71, wherein R² is —OH. 74. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clauses 1-71, wherein R² is C₁₋₄ alkoxy. 75. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clauses 1-71, wherein R² is —OMe, —OEt, or —OiPr. 76. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clauses 1-71, wherein R² is C₁₋₄ alkyl. 77. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clauses 1-71, wherein R² is Me, Et, or iPr. 78. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clauses 1-71, wherein R² is C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with one OH, or CN. 79. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clauses 1-71, wherein R² is —CH₂—OH, or —CH₂—CN. 80. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clauses 1-71, wherein R² is C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with one C₁₋₄ alkoxy optionally substituted with one phenyl. 81. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clauses 1-71, wherein R² is Me, or Et, each of which is substituted with one C₁₋₄ alkoxy optionally substituted with one phenyl. 82. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clauses 1-71, wherein R² is C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with one —OMe, —OEt, or —OCH₂-Phenyl. 83. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clauses 1-71, wherein R² is —CH₂—OMe, —CH₂—OEt, or —CH₂—OCH₂-Phenyl. 84. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clauses 1-71, wherein R² is C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with one 5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl comprising 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S. 85. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clauses 1-71, wherein R² is C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with one imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl. 86. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clauses 1-71, wherein R² is Me, or Et, each of which is substituted with one imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl. 87. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clauses 1-71, wherein R² is C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with one 5-6 membered monocyclic heteroaryl comprising 1 or 2 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, substituted with one or more independently selected C₁₋₄ alkyl. 88. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clauses 1-71, wherein R² is C₁₋₄ alkyl substituted with one imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, each of which is substituted with one or more independently selected Me, or Et. 89. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clauses 1-71, wherein R² is Me, or Et, each of which is substituted with one imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, each of which is substituted with one or more independently selected Me, or Et. 90. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clauses 1-89, wherein the compound is according to Formula IVa or IVb:

91. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clauses 1-90, wherein each R^(3a), and R^(3b) is independently selected from H, and CH₃. 92. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clauses 1-90, wherein R^(3a) is H and R^(3b) is selected from CH₃, and CF₃. 93. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clauses 1-90, wherein R^(3a) and R^(3b) are H. 94. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clauses 1-89, wherein the compound is according to Formula Va or Vb:

95. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clauses 1-94, wherein Cy is 6-10 membered monocyclic or fused bicyclic aryl. 96. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clauses 1-94, wherein Cy is phenyl, or naphthyl. 97. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clauses 1-94, wherein Cy is 6-10 membered monocyclic or fused bicyclic aryl, substituted with one or more R⁶ groups. 98. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clauses 1-94, wherein Cy is phenyl, substituted with one or more R⁶ groups. 99. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clauses 1-94, wherein Cy is phenyl, substituted with one, two, or three R⁶ groups. 100. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clauses 1-94, wherein Cy is 5-10 membered monocyclic or fused bicyclic heteroaryl comprising 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S. 101. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clauses 1-94, wherein Cy is pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, indolyl, indazolyl, pyrrolopyridinyl, or benzofuranyl. 102. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clauses 1-94, wherein Cy is 5-10 membered monocyclic or fused bicyclic heteroaryl comprising 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, substituted with one or more R⁶ groups. 103. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clauses 1-94, wherein Cy is pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, indolyl, indazolyl, pyrrolopyridinyl, or benzofuranyl, each of which is substituted with one or more R⁶ groups. 104. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clauses 1-94, wherein Cy is pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, pyrimidinyl, indolyl, indazolyl, pyrrolopyridinyl, or benzofuranyl, each of which is substituted with one, two, or three R⁶ groups. 105. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clauses 97-99, 102-104, wherein R⁶ is F, Cl, CN, or NO₂. 106. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clauses 97-99, 102-104, wherein R⁶ is —CH₃. 107. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clauses 97-99, 102-104, wherein R⁶ is 5-10 membered monocyclic or fused bicyclic heteroaryl comprising 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S. 108. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clauses 97-99, 102-104, wherein R⁶ is pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, or pyrimidinyl. 109. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clauses 97-99, 102-104, wherein R⁶ is 5-10 membered monocyclic or fused bicyclic heteroaryl comprising 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, substituted with one or more independently selected halo, C₁₋₄ alkyl, or C₁₋₄ alkoxy. 110. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clauses 97-99, 102-104, wherein R⁶ is pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, or pyrimidinyl, each of which is substituted with one or more independently selected halo, C₁₋₄ alkyl, or C₁₋₄ alkoxy. 111. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clauses 97-99, 102-104, wherein R⁶ is pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, oxadiazolyl, thiazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrazinyl, pyridazinyl, or pyrimidinyl, each of which is substituted with one or more independently selected F, Cl, Me, Et, OMe, or OEt. 112. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clauses 97-99, 102-104, wherein R⁶ is —NR^(9g)R^(9h). 113. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to clause 113, wherein each R^(9g) or R^(9h) is independently selected from H, Me, or Et. 114. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clauses 1-89, wherein the compound is according to Formula VIa or VIb:

wherein each one of R^(6a), R^(6b) and R^(6c) is independently selected from H, F, Cl, and —CH₃. 115. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to clause 115, wherein each R^(9g) or R^(9h) is independently selected from H, Me, and Et. 116. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to clause 115, wherein R^(6b) is H, and each one of R^(6a), and R^(6c) is independently selected from H, halo, and —CH₃. 117. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to clause 115, wherein R^(6b) is H, and each one of R^(6a), and R^(6c) is independently selected from H, F, Cl, and —CH₃. 118. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to clause 115, wherein R^(6b) is H, and each one of R^(6a), and R^(6c) is independently selected from H, F, and Cl. 119. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier and a pharmaceutically effective amount of a compound according to any one of clauses 1-119. 120. A pharmaceutical composition according to clause 120 comprising a further therapeutic agent. 121. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clause 1-119, or a pharmaceutical composition according to clause 120 or 121 for use in medicine. 122. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clause 1-119, or a pharmaceutical composition according to clause 120 or 121 for use in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of inflammatory conditions, and/or diseases involving degradation of cartilage and/or disruption of cartilage homeostasis. 123. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, according to any one of clause 1-119, or a pharmaceutical composition according to clause 120 or 121 for use in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of osteoarthritis. 124. A compound or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof or a pharmaceutical composition for use according to clause 123 or 124, wherein said compound or pharmaceutical composition is administered in combination with a further therapeutic agent. 125. The pharmaceutical composition according to clause 121, or the use according to clause 125, wherein the further therapeutic agent is an agent for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of inflammatory conditions, and/or diseases involving degradation of cartilage and/or disruption of cartilage homeostasis. 126. The pharmaceutical composition according to clause 121, or the use according to clause 125, wherein the further therapeutic agent is an agent for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of osteoarthritis.

Pharmaceutical Compositions

When employed as a pharmaceutical, a compound of the invention is typically administered in the form of a pharmaceutical composition. Such compositions can be prepared in a manner well known in the pharmaceutical art and comprise at least one active compound of the invention according to Formula I. Generally, a compound of the invention is administered in a pharmaceutically effective amount. The amount of compound of the invention actually administered will typically be determined by a physician, in the light of the relevant circumstances, including the condition to be treated, the chosen route of administration, the actual compound of the invention administered, the age, weight, and response of the individual patient, the severity of the patient's symptoms, and the like.

The pharmaceutical compositions of this invention can be administered by a variety of routes including oral, rectal, transdermal, subcutaneous, intra-articular, intravenous, intramuscular, and intranasal. Depending on the intended route of delivery, a compound of the invention is preferably formulated as either injectable or oral compositions or as salves, as lotions or as patches all for transdermal administration.

The compositions for oral administration can take the form of bulk liquid solutions or suspensions, or bulk powders. More commonly, however, the compositions are presented in unit dosage forms to facilitate accurate dosing. The term ‘unit dosage forms’ refers to physically discrete units suitable as unitary dosages for human subjects and other mammals, each unit containing a predetermined quantity of active material calculated to produce the desired therapeutic effect, in association with a suitable pharmaceutical excipient, vehicle or carrier. Typical unit dosage forms include prefilled, premeasured ampules or syringes of the liquid compositions or pills, tablets, capsules or the like in the case of solid compositions. In such compositions, the compound of the invention according to Formula I is usually a minor component (from about 0.1 to about 50% by weight or preferably from about 1 to about 40% by weight) with the remainder being various vehicles or carriers and processing aids helpful for forming the desired dosing form.

Liquid forms suitable for oral administration may include a suitable aqueous or non-aqueous vehicle with buffers, suspending and dispensing agents, colorants, flavors and the like. Solid forms may include, for example, any of the following ingredients, or compound of the inventions of a similar nature: a binder such as microcrystalline cellulose, gum tragacanth or gelatin; an excipient such as starch or lactose, a disintegrating agent such as alginic acid, Primogel, or corn starch; a lubricant such as magnesium stearate; a glidant such as colloidal silicon dioxide; a sweetening agent such as sucrose or saccharin; or a flavoring agent such as peppermint or orange flavoring.

Injectable compositions are typically based upon injectable sterile saline or phosphate-buffered saline or other injectable carriers known in the art. As before, the active compound of the invention according to Formula I in such compositions is typically a minor component, often being from about 0.05 to 10% by weight with the remainder being the injectable carrier and the like.

Transdermal compositions are typically formulated as a topical ointment or cream containing the active ingredient(s), generally in an amount ranging from about 0.01 to about 20% by weight, preferably from about 0.1 to about 20% by weight, preferably from about 0.1 to about 10% by weight, and more preferably from about 0.5 to about 15% by weight. When formulated as an ointment, the active ingredients will typically be combined with either a paraffinic or a water-miscible ointment base. Alternatively, the active ingredients may be formulated in a cream with, for example an oil-in-water cream base. Such transdermal formulations are well-known in the art and generally include additional ingredients to enhance the dermal penetration of stability of the active ingredients or the formulation. All such known transdermal formulations and ingredients are included within the scope of this invention.

A compound of the invention can also be administered by a transdermal device. Accordingly, transdermal administration can be accomplished using a patch either of the reservoir or porous membrane type, or of a solid matrix variety.

The above-described components for orally administrable, injectable or topically administrable compositions are merely representative. Other materials as well as processing techniques and the like are set forth in Part 8 of Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17^(th) edition, 1985, Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., which is incorporated herein by reference.

A compound of the invention can also be administered in sustained release forms or from sustained release drug delivery systems. A description of representative sustained release materials can be found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences.

The following formulation examples illustrate representative pharmaceutical compositions that may be prepared in accordance with this invention. The present invention, however, is not limited to the following pharmaceutical compositions.

Formulation 1—Tablets

A compound of the invention according to Formula I may be admixed as a dry powder with a dry gelatin binder in an approximate 1:2 weight ratio. A minor amount of magnesium stearate may be added as a lubricant. The mixture may be formed into 240-270 mg tablets (80-90 mg of active compound of the invention according to Formula I per tablet) in a tablet press.

Formulation 2—Capsules

A compound of the invention according to Formula I may be admixed as a dry powder with a starch diluent in an approximate 1:1 weight ratio. The mixture may be filled into 250 mg capsules (125 mg of active compound of the invention according to Formula I per capsule).

Formulation 3—Liquid

A compound of the invention according to Formula I (125 mg), may be admixed with sucrose (1.75 g) and xanthan gum (4 mg) and the resultant mixture may be blended, passed through a No. 10 mesh U.S. sieve, and then mixed with a previously made solution of microcrystalline cellulose and sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (11:89, 50 mg) in water. Sodium benzoate (10 mg), flavor, and color may be diluted with water and added with stirring. Sufficient water may then be added with stirring. Further sufficient water may be then added to produce a total volume of 5 mL.

Formulation 4—Tablets

A compound of the invention according to Formula I may be admixed as a dry powder with a dry gelatin binder in an approximate 1:2 weight ratio. A minor amount of magnesium stearate may be added as a lubricant. The mixture may be formed into 450-900 mg tablets (150-300 mg of active compound of the invention according to Formula I) in a tablet press.

Formulation 5—Injection

A compound of the invention according to Formula I may be dissolved or suspended in a buffered sterile saline injectable aqueous medium to a concentration of approximately 5 mg/mL.

Formulation 6—Topical

Stearyl alcohol (250 g) and a white petrolatum (250 g) may be melted at about 75° C. and then a mixture of A compound of the invention according to Formula I (50 g) methylparaben (0.25 g), propylparaben (0.15 g), sodium lauryl sulfate (10 g), and propylene glycol (120 g) dissolved in water (about 370 g) may be added and the resulting mixture may be stirred until it congeals.

Methods of Treatment

In one embodiment, the present invention provides compounds of the invention, or pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of the invention, for use in medicine. In a particular embodiment, the present invention provides compounds of the invention or pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of the invention, for use in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of inflammatory conditions, and/or diseases involving degradation of cartilage and/or disruption of cartilage homeostasis.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides compounds of the invention, or pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of the invention for use in the manufacture of a medicament for use in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of inflammatory conditions, and/or diseases involving degradation of cartilage and/or disruption of cartilage homeostasis.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of the invention, and another therapeutic agent. In a particular embodiment, the other therapeutic agent is an agent for the prophylaxis and/or treatment of inflammatory conditions, and/or diseases involving degradation of cartilage and/or disruption of cartilage homeostasis.

In additional method of treatment aspects, this invention provides methods of prophylaxis and/or treatment of inflammatory conditions, and/or diseases involving degradation of cartilage and/or disruption of cartilage homeostasis, which methods comprise the administration of an effective amount of a compound of the invention or one or more of the pharmaceutical compositions herein described for the treatment or prophylaxis of said condition.

In additional method of treatment aspects, this invention provides methods of prophylaxis and/or treatment of a mammal afflicted with inflammatory conditions, and/or diseases involving degradation of cartilage and/or disruption of cartilage homeostasis, which methods comprise the administration of an effective amount of a compound of the invention or one or more of the pharmaceutical compositions herein described for the treatment or prophylaxis of said condition.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides compounds of the invention or pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of the invention, for use in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of inflammatory diseases. In a particular embodiment, the inflammatory disease is selected from rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoarthritis. More particularly, the inflammatory disease is osteoarthritis.

In another embodiment, the present invention provides compounds of the invention, or pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of the invention for use in the manufacture of a medicament for use in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of inflammatory diseases. In a particular embodiment, the inflammatory disease is selected from rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoarthritis. More particularly, the inflammatory disease is osteoarthritis.

In additional method of treatment aspects, this invention provides methods of prophylaxis and/or treatment of a mammal afflicted with inflammatory diseases, which methods comprise the administration of an effective amount of a compound of the invention or one or more of the pharmaceutical compositions herein described for the treatment or prophylaxis of said condition. In a particular embodiment, the inflammatory disease is selected from rheumatoid arthritis, and osteoarthritis. More particularly, the inflammatory disease is osteoarthritis.

In one embodiment, the present invention provides compounds of the invention or pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of the invention, for use in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of diseases involving degradation of cartilage and/or disruption of cartilage homeostasis. In a particular embodiment, the diseases involving degradation of cartilage and/or disruption of cartilage homeostasis is selected from osteoarthritis, psoriatic arthritis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, gouty arthritis, septic or infectious arthritis, reactive arthritis, reflex sympathetic dystrophy, algodystrophy, achondroplasia, Paget's disease, Tietze syndrome or costal chondritis, fibromyalgia, osteochondritis, neurogenic or neuropathic arthritis, arthropathy, sarcoidosis, amylosis, hydarthrosis, periodical disease, rheumatoid spondylitis, endemic forms of arthritis like osteoarthritis deformans endemica, Mseleni disease and Handigodu disease; degeneration resulting from fibromyalgia, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma and ankylosing spondylitis. More particularly, the diseases involving degradation of cartilage and/or disruption of cartilage homeostasis is osteoarthritis (OA).

In another embodiment, the present invention provides compounds of the invention, or pharmaceutical compositions comprising a compound of the invention for use in the manufacture of a medicament for use in the prophylaxis and/or treatment of diseases involving degradation of cartilage and/or disruption of cartilage homeostasis. In a particular embodiment, the diseases involving degradation of cartilage and/or disruption of cartilage homeostasis is selected from osteoarthritis, psoriatic arthritis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, gouty arthritis, septic or infectious arthritis, reactive arthritis, reflex sympathetic dystrophy, algodystrophy, achondroplasia, Paget's disease, Tietze syndrome or costal chondritis, fibromyalgia, osteochondritis, neurogenic or neuropathic arthritis, arthropathy, sarcoidosis, amylosis, hydarthrosis, periodical disease, rheumatoid spondylitis, endemic forms of arthritis like osteoarthritis deformans endemica, Mseleni disease and Handigodu disease; degeneration resulting from fibromyalgia, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma and ankylosing spondylitis. More particularly, the diseases involving degradation of cartilage and/or disruption of cartilage homeostasis is osteoarthritis (OA).

In additional method of treatment aspects, this invention provides methods of prophylaxis and/or treatment of a mammal afflicted with diseases involving degradation of cartilage and/or disruption of cartilage homeostasis, which methods comprise the administration of an effective amount of a compound of the invention or one or more of the pharmaceutical compositions herein described for the treatment or prophylaxis of said condition. In a particular embodiment, the diseases involving degradation of cartilage and/or disruption of cartilage homeostasis is selected from osteoarthritis, psoriatic arthritis, juvenile rheumatoid arthritis, gouty arthritis, septic or infectious arthritis, reactive arthritis, reflex sympathetic dystrophy, algodystrophy, achondroplasia, Paget's disease, Tietze syndrome or costal chondritis, fibromyalgia, osteochondritis, neurogenic or neuropathic arthritis, arthropathy, sarcoidosis, amylosis, hydarthrosis, periodical disease, rheumatoid spondylitis, endemic forms of arthritis like osteoarthritis deformans endemica, Mseleni disease and Handigodu disease; degeneration resulting from fibromyalgia, systemic lupus erythematosus, scleroderma and ankylosing spondylitis. More particularly the diseases involving degradation of cartilage and/or disruption of cartilage homeostasis is osteoarthritis (OA).

Injection dose levels range from about 0.1 mg/kg/h to at least 10 mg/kg/h, all for from about 1 to about 120 h and especially 24 to 96 h. A preloading bolus of from about 0.1 mg/kg to about 10 mg/kg or more may also be administered to achieve adequate steady state levels. The maximum total dose is not expected to exceed about 1 g/day for a 40 to 80 kg human patient.

For the prophylaxis and/or treatment of long-term conditions, such as degenerative conditions, the regimen for treatment usually stretches over many months or years so oral dosing is preferred for patient convenience and tolerance. With oral dosing, one to four (1-4) regular doses daily, especially one to three (1-3) regular doses daily, typically one to two (1-2) regular doses daily, and most typically one (1) regular dose daily are representative regimens. Alternatively for long lasting effect drugs, with oral dosing, once every other week, once weekly, and once a day are representative regimens. In particular, dosage regimen can be every 1-14 days, more particularly 1-10 days, even more particularly 1-7 days, and most particularly 1-3 days.

Using these dosing patterns, each dose provides from about 1 to about 1000 mg of a compound of the invention, with particular doses each providing from about 10 to about 500 mg and especially about 30 to about 250 mg.

Transdermal doses are generally selected to provide similar or lower blood levels than are achieved using injection doses.

When used to prevent the onset of a condition, a compound of the invention will be administered to a patient at risk for developing the condition, typically on the advice and under the supervision of a physician, at the dosage levels described above. Patients at risk for developing a particular condition generally include those that have a family history of the condition, or those who have been identified by genetic testing or screening to be particularly susceptible to developing the condition.

A compound of the invention can be administered as the sole active agent or it can be administered in combination with other therapeutic agents, including other compound of the inventions that demonstrate the same or a similar therapeutic activity and that are determined to be safe and efficacious for such combined administration. In a specific embodiment, co-administration of two (or more) agents allows for significantly lower doses of each to be used, thereby reducing the side effects seen.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention or a pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of the invention is administered as a medicament. In a specific embodiment, said pharmaceutical composition additionally comprises a further active ingredient.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is co-administered with another therapeutic agent for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of a disease involving inflammation, particular agents include, but are not limited to, immunoregulatory agents e.g. azathioprine, corticosteroids (e.g. prednisolone or dexamethasone), cyclophosphamide, cyclosporin A, tacrolimus, mycophenolate, mofetil, muromonab-CD3 (OKT3, e.g. Orthocolone®), ATG, aspirin, acetaminophen, ibuprofen, naproxen, and piroxicam.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is co-administered with another therapeutic agent for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of arthritis (e.g. rheumatoid arthritis), particular agents include but are not limited to analgesics, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDS), steroids, synthetic DMARDS (for example but without limitation methotrexate, leflunomide, sulfasalazine, Auranofin, sodium aurothiomalate, penicillamine, chloroquine, hydroxychloroquine, azathioprine, tofacitinib, baricitinib, fostamatinib, and cyclosporin), and biological DMARDS (for example but without limitation infliximab, etanercept, adalimumab, rituximab, and abatacept).

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is co-administered with another therapeutic agent for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of SLE, particular agents include but are not limited to: human monoclonal antibodies (belimumab (Benlysta)), Disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (DMARDs) such as antimalarials (e.g. plaquenil, hydroxychloroquine), immunosuppressants (e.g. methotrexate and azathioprine), cyclophosphamide and mycophenolic acid, immunosuppressive drugs and analgesics, such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, opiates (e.g. dextropropoxyphene and co-codamol), opioids (e.g. hydrocodone, oxycodone, MS Contin, or methadone) and the fentanyl duragesic transdermal patch.

In one embodiment, a compound of the invention is co-administered with another therapeutic agent for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of psoriasis, particular agents include but are not limited to: topical treatments such as bath solutions, moisturizers, medicated creams and ointments containing coal tar, dithranol (anthralin), corticosteroids like desoximetasone (Topicort™), fluocinonide, vitamin D3 analogues (for example, calcipotriol), argan oil and retinoids (etretinate, acitretin, tazarotene), systemic treatments such as methotrexate, cyclosporine, retinoids, tioguanine, hydroxyurea, sulfasalazine, mycophenolate mofetil, azathioprine, tacrolimus, fumaric acid esters or biologies such as Amevive™, Enbrel™, Humira™, Remicade™, Raptiva™ and ustekinumab (a IL-12 and IL-23 blocker). Additionally, a compound of the invention may be administered in combination with other therapies including, but not limited to phototherapy, or photochemotherapy (e.g. psoralen and ultraviolet A phototherapy (PUVA)).

By co-administration is included any means of delivering two or more therapeutic agents to the patient as part of the same treatment regime, as will be apparent to the skilled person. Whilst the two or more agents may be administered simultaneously in a single formulation, i.e. as a single pharmaceutical composition, this is not essential. The agents may be administered in different formulations and at different times.

Chemical Synthetic Procedures General

The compound of the invention can be prepared from readily available starting materials using the following general methods and procedures. It will be appreciated that where typical or preferred process conditions (i.e. reaction temperatures, times, mole ratios of reactants, solvents, pressures, etc.) are given, other process conditions can also be used unless otherwise stated. Optimum reaction conditions may vary with the particular reactants or solvent used, but such conditions can be determined by one skilled in the art by routine optimization procedures.

Additionally, as will be apparent to those skilled in the art, conventional protecting groups may be necessary to prevent certain functional groups from undergoing undesired reactions. The choice of a suitable protecting group for a particular functional group as well as suitable conditions for protection and deprotection are well known in the art (Wuts and Greene, 2012).

The following methods are presented with details as to the preparation of a compound of the invention as defined hereinabove and the comparative examples. A compound of the invention may be prepared from known or commercially available starting materials and reagents by one skilled in the art of organic synthesis.

All reagents are of commercial grade and are used as received without further purification, unless otherwise stated. Commercially available anhydrous solvents are used for reactions conducted under inert atmosphere. Reagent grade solvents are used in all other cases, unless otherwise specified. Column chromatography is performed on silica gel 60 (35-70 μm). Thin layer chromatography is carried out using pre-coated silica gel 60F-254 plates (thickness 0.25 mm). ¹H NMR spectra are recorded on a 400 MHz Avance Bruker spectrometer or a 300 MHz DPX Bruker spectrometer. Chemical shifts (5) for ¹H NMR spectra are reported in parts per million (ppm) relative to tetramethylsilane (δ 0.00) or the appropriate residual solvent peak, i.e. CHCl₃ (δ 7.27), as internal reference. Multiplicities are given as singlet (s), doublet (d), triplet (t), quartet (q), quintuplet (quin), multiplet (m) and broad (br). Electrospray MS spectra are obtained on a Waters platform LC/MS spectrometer or with Waters Acquity UPLC with Waters Acquity PDA detector and SQD mass spectrometer. Columns used: UPLC BEH C18 1.7 μm 2.1×5 mm VanGuard Pre-column with Acquity UPLC BEH C18 1.7 μm 2.1×30 mm Column or Acquity UPLC BEH C18 1.7 μm 2.1×50 mm Column. All the methods are using MeCN/H₂O gradients. MeCN and H₂O contain either 0.1% Formic Acid or 0.05% NH₃. Preparative LCMS: column used, Waters XBridge Prep C18 5 μm ODB 30 mm ID×100 mm L (preparative column) and Waters XBridge C18 5 μm 4.6 mm ID×100 mm L (analytical column). All the methods are using MeCN/H₂O gradients. MeCN and H₂O contain either 0.1% Formic Acid or 0.1% Diethylamine. Chiral HPLC analysis are obtained from a Waters 2690 Alliance HPLC system. Microwave heating is performed with a Biotage Initiator. Optical rotation was determined on a Dr. Kernchen Propol digital automatic polarimeter.

TABLE I List of abbreviations used in the experimental section: Abbreviation Definition μL microliter AUC Area Under the Curve BINAP 2,2′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)-1,1′-binaphthalene Bn Benzyl br. d Broad doublet Boc tert-Butyloxy-carbonyl BOP (Benzotriazol-1-yloxy)tris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate br. s Broad singlet br. t Broad triplet Cat. Catalytic amount CDI 1,1′-Carbonyldiimidazole COCl₂ Phosgene Cpd Compound d doublet DavePhos 2-Dicyclohexylphosphino-2′-(N,N-dimethylamino)bi- phenyl DCM Dichloromethane DEAD Diethyl azodicarboxylate DIPE Diisopropylether DIPEA N,N-diisopropylethylamine DMA Dimethylacetamide DMAP 4-Dimethylaminopyridine DME Dimethoxyethane DMF N,N-dimethylformamide DMPU 1,3-Dimethyl-3,4,5,6-tetrahydro-2(1H)-pyrimidinone DMSO Dimethylsulfoxide dppf 1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino) ferrocene EDC 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide) EDC•HCl N-(3-Dimethylaminopropyl)-N′-ethylcarbodiimide hydrochloride eq. Equivalent Et₃N Triethylamine Et₂O Diethyl ether EtOAc Ethyl acetate EtOH Ethanol FBS Fetal bovine serum g gram h hour HATU O-(7-azabenzotriazol-1-yl)-N,N,N′,N′- tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate HOBt Hydroxybenzotriazole HPLC High-performance liquid chromatography HPLC/MS High-performance liquid chromatography/mass- spectrometry HRMS High-resolution Mass Spectrometry HRP horseradish peroxydase Int Intermediate JohnPhos (2-Biphenyl)di-tert-butylphosphine kg kilogram L liter LCMS Liquid Chromatography- Mass Spectrometry LDA Lithium diisopropylamide LiHMDS Lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide m multiplet m-CPBA 3-Chloroperbenzoic acid MeCN Acetonitrile MEK Methyl ethyl ketone Meldrum’s 2,2-dimethyl-1,3-dioxane-4,6-dione acid MeOH Methanol mg milligram min minute mL millilitre mmol millimoles MMP Matrix Metallo Proteinase Ms’d Mass measured by LCMS Mtd Method Mukaiyama 2-Chloro-1-methylpyridinium iodide reagent MW Molecular weight N.A. Not available n/a No measurable activity iPrOH Isopropyl alcohol nBuOH n-Butanol NMR Nuclear Magnetic Resonance PBF phosphate buffered formalin PBS Phosphate buffered salin P(tBu)₃ Tristertbutylphosphine P(Bu)₃ Tributylphosphine Pd(PPh₃)₄ Tetrakis(triphenylphosphine)palladium(0) Pd/C Palladium on Carbon 10% Pd₂(dba)₃ Tris(dibenzylideneacetone) dipalladium(0) PdCl₂(dppf) [1,1′-Bis(diphenylphosphino)ferrocene] dichloropalladium(II) PdCl₂[P(o- Dichlorobis(tri-o-tolylphosphine)palladium(II) Tol)₃]₂ Pd(OAc)₂ Palladium(II) acetate Pd(OH)₂/C Palladium hydroxide on carbon PEG Polyethylene glycol PEPPSI ™-IPr [1,3-Bis(2,6-Diisopropylphenyl)imidazol-2-ylidene](3- chloropyridyl) palladium(II) dichloride ppm part-per-million PS-CDI Polymer supported 1,1′-Carbonyldiimidazole PS-Mukaiyama Polymer supported Mukaiyama reagent reagent q quadruplet r.t. room temperature RNA Ribonucleic acid Rt retention time RuPhos 2-Dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,6′-diisopropoxybiphenyl s singlet SCX Biotage Isolute ® SCX(Biotage Part 530) SCX-2 Biotage Isolute ® SCX-2 (Biotage Part 532) sept septuplet SFC Supercritical fluid chromatography SM Starting Material Ster Stereochemistry t triplet TBAF Tetra-n-butylammonium fluoride 5(6)-TAMRA 5(6)-Carboxytetramethylrhodamine (CAS# 98181-63-6) 5-FAM 5-carboxyfluorescein (CAS# 76823-03-5) t-BuOH Tert-butanol TBDPSCl Tert-butyldiphenylsilyl chloride TBSCl Tert-butyldimethylsilyl chloride TEA Triethylamine TFA Trifluoroacetic acid THF Tetrahydrofuran TLC Thin-layer chromatography TIPS triisopropyl silyl UPLC/MS Ultra-performance liquid chromatography/ mass-spectrometry XantPhos 4,5-Bis(diphenylphosphino)-9,9-dimethylxanthene XPhos 2-Dicyclohexylphosphino-2′,4′,6′-triisopropylbiphenyl

Synthetic Preparation of the Compound of the Invention Example 1. General Synthetic Methods 1.1. Synthetic Methods Overview

General Methods A: Preparation of Arylpiperazine Method A1: NBoc protection Method A2: Buchwald reaction with NBoc-piperazine Method A3: Suzuki reaction Method A4: SNAr with NBoc-piperazine Method A5: NBoc deprotection Method A6: with TIPS protecting group Method A7: Buchwald reaction with NH-piperazine Method A8: SNAr with NH-piperazine General Methods C: Preparation of Ketoester Method C1: from Meldrum's acid Method C2: with tert-butyl bromoacetate Method C3: esterification Method C4: Stetter reaction Method C5: via epoxide opening General Method D: Preparation of Ketoamide Method D1: preparation of acrylamide Method D2: Stetter reaction Method D4: Oxidative cleavage Method D5: via furan oxidation Method D6: via a-bromo ketone Method D7: ketoamide functionalization by Suzuki coupling General Method E: Functionalization of g-Ketoamide General Method F: Bucherer Bergs Reaction General Method G: Method for Preparation of Hydantoin Propionic Acids General Method H: Amide Bond Formation Method H1: EDC/HOBt Method H2: HATU Method H3: BOP Method H4: CDI Method H5: Mukaiyama reagent General Method I: Functionalization of Final Compound Method II: acetylation Method I2: N-Boc deprotection Method I3: alkylation Method I4: O-debenzylation Method I5: Two-steps functionalization by Suzuki reaction Method I6: Suzuki reaction

1.2. General Methods 1.2.1. General Methods A: Preparation of Arylpiperazine 1.2.1.1. Method A1: NBoc Protection

1.2.1.2. Illustrative synthesis of cis-3,5-dimethyl-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester

To a solution of the cis-2,6-dimethyl-piperazine (2 g, 17.515 mmol, 1 eq.) in DCM (200 mL) at 0° C. is added dropwise a solution of di-tert-butyl dicarbonate in DCM (20 mL). After 3.5 h, reaction mixture is quenched by a saturated Na₂CO₃ solution, the organic layer is separated, and the aqueous layer is extracted with DCM. The combined organic layers are washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by flash chromatography on silica gel (eluting with DCM/MeOH 100/0 to 90/10) affords the expected product.

1.2.2. Method A2: Buchwald Reaction with NBoc-Piperazine

1.2.2.1. Method A2a (Pd₂(dba)₃/BINAP)

A flask is charged with N-Boc protected piperazine (1 eq.), bromoderivative (0.5-2 eq.), BINAP (0.042-0.12 eq.), NaOtBu (0.7-1.4 eq.) and toluene. The reaction mixture is degassed with N₂ and Pd₂(dba)₃ (0.021-0.06 eq.) is added. Reaction mixture is heated at 90-110° C. for 2 h-20 h. The reaction mixture is quenched by addition of water or saturated NaHCO₃ solution, extracted with DCM or EtOAc. The combined organic layers are washed with water and brine, dried (over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ or MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated in vacuo to afford the expected arylpiperazine (used as such or purified by flash chromatography on silica gel).

Illustrative Synthesis of (S)-3-Methyl-4-(5-methyl-pyridin-3-yl)-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester

A flask is charged with (S)-3-methyl-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (291 mg, 1.453 mmol, 1 eq.), 3-bromo-5-methyl-pyridine (300 mg, 1.744 mmol, 1.2 eq.), BINAP (45 mg, 0.073 mmol, 0.05 eq.), NaOtBu (196 mg, 2.034 mmol, 1.4 eq.) and toluene (2 mL). The reaction mixture is degassed with N₂ and Pd₂(dba)₃ (33 mg, 0.036 mmol, 0.025 eq.) is added. Reaction mixture is heated at 110° C. overnight, quenched with water, extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers are washed with water and brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by flash chromatography on silica gel (eluting with DCM/MeOH 100/0 to 98/2) affords the expected product. LCMS: MW (calcd): 291; m/z MW (obsd): 292 (M+H).

Illustrative Synthesis of (S)-4-(3,5-Difluoro-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester

A flask is loaded with (S)-3-Methyl-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (75 g, 0.374 mol, 1 eq.) and dry toluene (375 mL). The reaction mixture is degassed with N₂, 1-Bromo-3,5-difluoro-benzene (47.3 mL, 0.412 mol, 1.1 eq.), NaO^(t)Bu (50.4 g, 0.524 mol, 1.4 eq.) and BINAP (11.66 g, 0.019 g, 0.05 eq.) are added. The reaction mixture is degassed with N₂ and Pd₂(dba)₃ (5.14 g, 0.006 mol, 0.015 eq.) is added. Reaction mixture is stirred at 110° C. for 2.5 h, quenched with water and EtOAc, extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers are washed with water and brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to afford the expected N-Boc-arylpiperazine. LCMS: MW (calcd): 312; m/z MW (obsd): 313 (M+H).

1.2.2.1.1 Method A2b (Pd(OAc)₂/JohnPhos)

A flask is charged with N-Boc protected piperazine (1 eq.), halide derivative (1.1-1.2 eq.), JohnPhos (0.1-0.12 eq.), NaOtBu (1.2-1.4 eq.) and toluene. The reaction mixture is degassed with N₂ and Pd(OAc)₂ (0.06-0.1 eq.) is added. Reaction mixture is heated at 100° C. for 2 h-20 h, quenched by addition of water or saturated NaHCO₃ solution, extracted with DCM or EtOAc. The combined organic layers are washed with water and brine, dried (over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ or MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated in vacuo to afford the expected arylpiperazine after purification by flash chromatography on silica gel.

Illustrative Synthesis of (S)-4-(4-Chloro-pyridin-2-yl)-3-methyl-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester

A flask is charged with (S)-3-methyl-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (1 g, 4.993 mmol, 1 eq.), 2,4-dichloro-pyridine (887 mg, 5.992 mmol, 1.2 eq.), JohnPhos (149 mg, 0.499 mmol, 0.1 eq.), NaOtBu (672 mg, 6.990 mmol, 1.4 eq.) and toluene (5 mL). The reaction mixture is degassed with N₂ and Pd(OAc)₂ (112 mg, 0.499 mmol, 0.1 eq.) is added. Reaction mixture is heated at 100° C. overnight, quenched by addition of water, extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers are washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by flash chromatography on silica gel affords the expected product. LCMS: MW (calcd): 312; m/z MW (obsd): 312-314 (M+H).

1.2.2.1.2 Method A2c (PEPPSI) Illustrative Synthesis of (S)-2-Methyl-2,3,5,6-tetrahydro-[1,2]bipyrazinyl-4-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester

A flask is charged with (S)-3-methyl-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (3 g, 14.979 mmol, 1 eq.), 2-chloropyrazine (1.71 g, 14.979 mmol, 1 eq.), Cs₂CO₃ (6.83 g, 20.97 mmol, 1.4 eq.) and DME (60 mL). The reaction mixture is degassed with N₂ and PEPPSI™-IPr (0.2 g, 0.3 mmol, 0.02 eq.) is added. Reaction mixture is heated at 110° C. overnight, quenched with water, extracted with Et₂O. The combined organic layers are washed with water and brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by flash chromatography on silica gel (eluting with Heptane/EtOAc 80/20 to 30/70) affords the expected product. LCMS: MW (calcd): 278; m/z MW (obsd): 279 (M+H).

1.2.2.1.3 Method A2d (Pd(OAc)₂/P(tBu)₃)

A flask is charged with N-Boc protected piperazine (1 eq.), bromo derivative (1.1 eq.), Pd(OAc)₂ (0.06 eq.), NaOtBu (1.5 eq.) and toluene. The reaction mixture is degassed with N₂ and P(tBu)₃ (1M solution in toluene, 0.12 eq.) is added. Reaction mixture is heated at 105° C. for 4 h-20 h, filtered on celpure P65, washed with EtOAc and DCM. The filtrate is concentrated in vacuo to afford the expected arylpiperazine after purification by flash chromatography on silica gel.

Illustrative Synthesis of (S)-3-Methyl-4-(1-methyl-1H-indazol-5-yl)-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester

A flask is charged with (S)-3-methyl-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (50 mg, 0.25 mmol, 1 eq.), 5-bromomethylindazole (58 mg, 0.27 mmol, 1.1 eq.), Pd(OAc)₂ (3 mg, 0.015 mmol, 0.06 eq.), NaOtBu (36 mg, 0.38 mmol, 1.5 eq.) and toluene. The reaction mixture is degassed with N₂ and P(tBu)₃ (1M solution in toluene, 30 μL, 0.03 mmol, 0.12 eq.) is added. Reaction mixture is heated at 105° C. overnight, filtered on celpure P65, washed with EtOAc and DCM. The filtrate is concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (eluting with Heptane/EtOAc 100/0 to 70/30) to afford the expected product. LCMS: MW (calcd): 330; m/z MW (obsd): 331 (M+H).

1.2.2.1.4 Method A2e (Pd₂(dba)₃/Xantphos)

A flask is charged with N-Boc protected piperazine (1 eq.), bromo derivative (0.67 eq. to 1.1 eq.), a base (Cs₂CO₃, 2eq. or NaOtBu, 1.4 eq.), Xantphos (0.12 eq.) and a solvent (toluene or dioxane). The reaction mixture is degassed with N₂ and Pd₂(dba)₃ (0.06 eq.) is added. Reaction mixture is heated at 115° C. for 4.5 h and is either filtered on celpure P65 or submitted to water/EtOAc work up. The filtrate is concentrated in vacuo to afford the expected arylpiperazine after purification by flash chromatography on silica gel.

Illustrative Synthesis of (S)-4-(3-Cyano-5-fluoro-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester

A flask is charged with (S)-3-methyl-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (100 mg, 0.50 mmol, 1 eq.), 3-bromo-5-fluoro-benzonitrile (110 mg, 0.55 mmol, 1.1 eq.), NaOtBu (67 mg, 0.7 mmol, 1.4 eq.), Xantphos (35 mg, 0.06 mmol, 0.12 eq.) and toluene (2 mL). The reaction mixture is degassed with N₂ and Pd₂(dba)₃ (27 mg, 0.03 mmol, 0.06 eq.) is added. Reaction mixture is heated at 115° C. for 4.5 h and filtered on celpure P65. The filtrate is concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (eluting with Heptane/EtOAc 100/0 to 80/20) to afford the expected product. LCMS: MW (calcd): 319; m/z MW (obsd): 320 (M+H).

1.2.2.1.5 Method A2f (Pd₂(dba)₃/DavePhos)

A flask is charged with N-Boc protected piperazine (1 eq.), bromoderivative (1.1 eq.), DavePhos (0.12 eq.), NaOtBu (1.2 eq.) and toluene. The reaction mixture is degassed with N₂ and Pd₂(dba)₃ (0.06 eq.) is added. Reaction mixture heated at 90-110° C. for 2 h-20 h and filtered on celpure P65. The filtrate is concentrated in vacuo to afford the expected arylpiperazine after purification by flash chromatography on silica gel.

Illustrative Synthesis of (S)-3-Methyl-4-quinolin-3-yl-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester

A flask is charged with (S)-3-methyl-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (100 mg, 0.50 mmol, 1 eq.), 3-bromoquinoleine (114 mg, 0.55 mmol, 1.1 eq.), DavePhos (24 mg, 0.06 mmol, 0.12 eq.), NaOtBu (58 mg, 0.60 mmol, 1.2 eq.) and toluene (2 mL). The reaction mixture is degassed with N₂ and Pd₂(dba)₃ (27 mg, 0.03 mmol, 0.06 eq.) is added. Reaction mixture is heated at 95° C. overnight and filtered on celpure P65. The filtrate is concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (eluting with Heptane/EtOAc 100/0 to 70/30) to afford the expected product. LCMS: MW (calcd): 327; m/z MW (obsd): 328 (M+H).

1.2.2.1.6 Method A2 g (Pd₂(dba)/Xphos) Illustrative Synthesis of (S)-3-Methyl-4-(1-methyl-1H-pyrazol-3-yl)-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester

A flask is charged with (S)-3-methyl-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (500 mg, 2.5 mmol, 1 eq.), 3-bromo-1-methyl-1H-pyrazole (442 mg, 2.75 mmol, 1.1 eq.), NaOtBu (288 mg, 3 mmol, 1.2 eq.), XPhos (143 mg, 0.3 mmol, 0.12 eq.) and toluene (15 mL). The reaction mixture is degassed with N₂ and Pd₂(dba)₃ (137 mg, 0.15 mmol, 0.06 eq.) is added. Reaction mixture is heated at 105° C. overnight, quenched with saturated NaHCO₃ solution, extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers are washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (eluting with Heptane/EtOAc 100/0 to 50/50) to afford the expected product. LCMS: MW (calcd): 280; m/z MW (obsd): 281 (M+H).

1.2.2.2. Method A3: Suzuki Reaction

G₁=H, C or F

A solution of Na₂CO₃ (3 eq.) in water is added to a mixture of halogeno derivative (1 eq., obtained by any method A2), boronic ester (2 eq.) and dioxane degassed with argon. PdCl₂(dppf) (0.2 eq.) is added, and the reaction is stirred at 140° C. in a microwave reactor for 30 min to 45 min. The reaction mixture is poured in water and DCM. The organic layer is washed with water and concentrated in vacuo to afford the expected arylpiperazine (used as such or purified by flash chromatography on silica gel).

Illustrative Synthesis of (S)-4-[3-Fluoro-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-yl)-phenyl]-3-methyl-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester

A solution of Na₂CO₃ (771 mg, 4.02 mmol, 3 eq.) in water (4 mL) is added to a mixture of ((S)-4-(3-Bromo-5-fluoro-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (500 mg, 1.34 mmol, 1 eq.), 4-(4,4,5,5-Tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-1H-pyrazole (520 mg, 2.68 mmol, 2 eq.) and dioxane (8 mL) degassed with argon. PdCl₂(dppf) (219 mg, 0.27 mmol, 0.2 eq.) is added, and the reaction is stirred at 140° C. in a microwave reactor for 40 min. Reaction mixture is poured in 50 mL water and 50 mL DCM and extracted. The organic layer is washed with water and concentrated in vacuo to afford the expected product used in next reaction step without further purification. LCMS: MW (calcd): 360; m/z MW (obsd): 361 (M+H).

1.2.2.3. Method A4: SNAr with NBoc-piperazine

A vial is charged with arylchloride derivative (1 eq.), (S)-3-methyl-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (1 to 1.6 eq.), a base (Et₃N or DIPEA, 1 to 3 eq.) and a solvent (DCM, DMF, THF or MeCN). The reaction mixture is heated (60° C.-120° C.) for 1.5 h to 5 days. The appropriate work up (concentration in vacuo or aqueous work up extracting with EtOAc) followed by purification by flash chromatography on silica gel affords the expected arylpiperazine.

Illustrative Synthesis of (S)-4-(6-Chloro-pyrimidin-4-yl)-3-methyl-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester

A vial is charged with 4,6-dichloropyrimidine (3.55 g, 23.83 mmol, 1 eq.), (S)-3-methyl-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (5 g, 25.02 mmol, 1.05 eq.), Et₃N (3.35 mL, 23.83 mmol, 1 eq.) and CH₃CN (70 mL). The reaction mixture is heated at 120° C. for 1.5 h, concentrated in vacuo and the residue is taken up in EtOAC, washed with a saturated NH₄Cl solution, brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (eluting with Heptane/EtOAc 90/10 to 80/20) to afford the expected product. LCMS: MW (calcd): 323; m/z MW (obsd): 313-315 (M+H).

1.2.2.4. Method A5: NBoc Deprotection

1.2.2.4.1 Method A5a (HCl)

A flask is charged with N-tert-butoxy carbonyl derivative (1 eq.), HCl 4N in dioxane (10 to 40 eq.) is added. The reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. for 1 h to 2 days. If a precipitate is formed, it is filtered and washed with Et₂O or CH₃CN, otherwise, the reaction mixture is concentrated in vacuo. Both work up afford the expected arylpiperazine as hydrochloride salt.

Illustrative Synthesis of Int 198

A flask is charged with N-tert-butoxycarbonyl derivative (4.06 g, 12.35 mmol, 1 eq.), HCl 4N in dioxane (100 mL, 400 mmol, 32 eq.) is added. The reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. overnight and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is triturated in Et₂O, filtered and dried in vacuo to afford the expected product as hydrochloride salt. LCMS: MW (calcd): 229; m/z MW (obsd): 229-231 (M+H).

Illustrative Synthesis of (2S)-1-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-2-methyl-piperazine (Int 207)

A flask is loaded with (S)-4-(3,5-Difluoro-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (64 g, 0.204 mol, 1 eq.) and acetonitrile (191 mL). HCl 4N in dioxane (255 mL, 1.018 mol, 5 eq.) is added at 0° C. and the reaction mixture is stirred at 0° C. for 1.5 h then at r.t. for 3.5 h. The precipitate is filtered, washed with acetonitrile and Et₂O, suspended in a mixture acetonitrile/Et₂O (300 mL/100 mL) and stirred at r.t. overnight. The suspension is filtered; the precipitate is washed again with acetonitrile and Et₂O and dried in vacuo to afford the expected arylpiperazine hydrochloride salt. LCMS: MW (calcd): 212; m/z MW (obsd): 213 (M+H).

1.2.2.4.2 Method A5b (HCl+Basic Work Up)

To a solution of N-tert-butoxycarbonyl derivative (1 eq.) in acetonitrile or DCM is added HCl 4N in dioxane (10 to 40 eq.). The reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. for 1 h to 2 days, concentrated in vacuo and the residue is taken up in water and EtOAc or DCM. The aqueous layer is separated and basified (with either NaOH 1N solution or with a saturated Na₂CO₃ or NaHCO₃ solution) and extracted with EtOAc or DCM. The combined organic layers are dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ (or MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated in vacuo to afford the expected arylpiperazine.

Illustrative Synthesis of Int 278

N-tert-butoxycarbonyl derivative (632 mg, 2.88 mmol, 1 eq.) is stirred in HCl 4N in dioxane (6 mL) at room temperature for 3 hours. The reaction mixture is diluted with water, a solution of saturated NaHCO₃ is added and the aqueous layer is extracted with DCM several times. The combined organic layers are dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to afford the expected product. LCMS: MW (calcd): 224; m/z MW (obsd): 225-227 (M+H).

1.2.2.4.3 Method A5c (TEA+Basic Work Up)

A flask is charged with N-tert-butoxycarbonyl derivative (1 eq.) and a mixture DCM/TFA (5/1). The reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. for 2 h to 3 h, concentrated in vacuo. The residue is taken up in a saturated Na₂CO₃ solution and extracted with EtOAc and/or EtOAc/n-BuOH. The combined organic layers are dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to afford the expected arylpiperazine.

Illustrative Synthesis of Int 259

A flask is charged with N-tert-butoxy carbonyl derivative (320 mg, 0.97 mmol, 1 eq.), DCM (5 mL) and TFA (1 mL). The reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. for 2 h, concentrated in vacuo. The residue is taken up in a saturated Na₂CO₃ solution and extracted with EtOAc and EtOAc/n-BuOH. The combined organic layers are dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to afford the expected product. LCMS: MW (calcd): 230; m/z MW (obsd): 231 (M+H).

1.2.2.4.4 Method A5e (H₂SO₄): Boc and Acetamide Deprotection Illustrative Synthesis of Int 193

A flask is charged with N-tert-butoxycarbonyl derivative (60 mg, 0.16 mmol, 1.0 eq.) and water (1 mL), and concentrated sulfuric acid (0.2 mL) is added. The reaction mixture is stirred at 80° C. for 16 h. An aqueous NaOH 2N solution is added until pH reaches 13, and the aqueous phase is extracted 3 times with DCM. The combined organic phases are dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to afford the expected product. LCMS: MW (calcd): 239; m/z MW (obsd): 240 (M+H).

1.2.2.5. Method a 6: With TIPS Protecting Group

wherein G₂=C or N

Step i)

To a solution of the bromo heteroaryl derivative (1 eq.) in THF at 0° C. is added NaH portionwise (50% in oil, 2 eq.). Reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. for 1 h, cooled to 0° C. and a solution of triisopropylsilyl chloride (1.2 eq.) in THF is added dropwise. The reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is partitioned between water and EtOAc, the organic layer is dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by flash chromatography on silica gel affords the expected triisopropylsilyl derivative.

Step ii)

A flask is charged with bromoderivative (1 eq.), (S)-3-methyl-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (1.15 eq.), NaOtBu (1.7 eq.) and toluene. The reaction mixture is degassed with N₂ and PdCl₂[P(o-Tol)₃]₂ (0.05 eq.) is added. Reaction mixture is heated at 110° C. overnight, quenched by addition of water, extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers are washed with water and brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography on silica gel to afford the expected NBoc-arylpiperazine.

Step iii)

To a solution of the NBoc-arylpiperazine (1 eq.) in DCM is added TFA (50 eq.). Reaction mixture stirred at r.t. overnight and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is taken up in EtOAc and saturated NaHCO₃ solution and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers are dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to afford the expected NH-arylpiperazine.

Illustrative Synthesis of Int 257

Step i) 5-Bromo-1-(triisopropylsilyl)-1H-indole

To a solution of 5-bromo-1H-indole (1.96 g, 10 mmol, 1 eq.) in THF (80 mL) at 0° C. is added NaH portionwise (50% in oil, 1 g, 20 mmol, 2 eq.). Reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. for 1 h, cooled to 0° C. and a solution of triisopropylsilyl chloride (2.3 g, 12 mmol, 1.2 eq.) in THF (10 mL) is added dropwise. The reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is partitioned between water and EtOAc, the organic layer is dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by flash chromatography on silica gel (eluting with Heptane/EtOAc 100/0 to 50/50) affords the expected triisopropylsilyl derivative. LCMS: MW (calcd): 352; m/z MW (obsd): 352-354 (M+H).

Step ii) (S)-3-Methyl-4-(1-(triisopropylsilyl)-1H-indol-5-yl)-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester

A flask is charged with bromo triisopropylsilyl derivative (1.4 g, 3.5 mmol, 1 eq.), (S)-3-methyl-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (800 mg, 4 mmol, 1.15 eq.), NaOtBu (576 mg, 6 mmol, 1.7 eq.) and toluene (25 mL). The reaction mixture is degassed with N₂ and PdCl₂[P(o-Tol)₃]₂ (160 mg, 0.2 mmol, 0.05 eq.) is added. Reaction mixture is heated at 110° C. overnight, quenched by addition of water, extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers are washed with water and brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (eluting with Heptane/EtOAc 100/0 to 50/50) to afford the expected NBoc-arylpiperazine. LCMS: MW (calcd): 472; m/z MW (obsd): 473 (M+H).

Step iii) 5-((S)-2-Methyl-piperazin-1-yl)-1H-indole

To a solution of the NBoc-arylpiperazine (370 mg, 0.79 mmol, 1 eq.) in DCM (30 mL) is added TFA (3 mL). Reaction mixture stirred at r.t. overnight and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is taken up in EtOAc and saturated NaHCO₃ solution and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers are dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to afford the expected product. LCMS: MW (calcd): 215; m/z MW (obsd): 216 (M+H).

1.2.2.6. Method a 7: Buchwald Reaction with NH-Piperazine

A flask is charged with bromoaryl derivative (1 eq.), piperazine (4-6 eq.), BINAP (0.06-0.22 eq.), NaOtBu (1.4-2.5 eq.) and toluene. The reaction mixture is degassed with N₂ and Pd₂(dba)₃ (0.03-0.11 eq.) is added. Reaction mixture is heated at 100-110° C. for 2 h-20 h. The reaction mixture is extracted with HCl 1N solution. The aqueous layer is basified with NaOH 2N solution and extracted with EtOAc or DCM. The combined organic layers are washed with water and brine, dried (over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ or MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated in vacuo to afford the expected arylpiperazine used without further purification.

Illustrative Synthesis of Int 266

A flask is charged with 1-bromo-3-fluoro-2-methyl-benzene (189 mg, 1 mmol, 1 eq.), piperazine (517 mg, 6 mmol, 6 eq.), BINAP (37 mg, 0.06 mmol, 0.06 eq.), NaOtBu (135 mg, 1.4 mmol, 1.4 eq.) and toluene (2 mL). The reaction mixture is degassed with N₂ and Pd₂(dba)₃ (27 mg, 0.03 mmol, 0.03 eq.) is added. Reaction mixture is heated at 110° C. overnight. The reaction mixture is extracted with HCl 1N solution. The aqueous layer is basified with NaOH 2N solution and extracted with DCM. The combined organic layers are washed with water and brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to afford the expected product. LCMS: MW (calcd): 194; m/z MW (obsd): 195 (M+H).

1.2.2.7. Method A8: SNAr with NH-Piperazine

A vial is charged with arylfluoride derivative (1 eq.), piperazine (2-8 eq.), K₂CO₃ (1.5-2.6 eq.) and a solvent (dioxane, DMSO). The reaction mixture is heated at 100° C. for 1-3 days, diluted with water and extracted with EtOAc or DCM. The combined organic layers are washed with water and brine, dried (over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ or MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated in vacuo to afford the expected arylpiperazine used without further purification.

Illustrative Synthesis of Int 269

A vial is charged with 3-chloro-5-fluoro-pyridine (195 mg, 1.5 mmol, 1 eq.), piperazine (1.03 g, 12.0 mmol, 8 eq.), K₂CO₃ (553 mg, 4.0 mmol, 2.6 eq.) and a solvent dry dioxane (5 mL). The reaction mixture is heated at 100° C. for 3 days, diluted with water and extracted with DCM. The combined organic layers are washed with water and brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to afford the expected product. LCMS: MW (calcd): 198; m/z MW (obsd): 198-200 (M+H).

1.2.3. General Methods C: Preparation of Ketoester 1.2.3.1. Method C1: From Meldrum's Acid

Step i)

To a solution of the carboxylic acid (1 eq.) in DCM at 0° C. under N₂ atmosphere is added portionwise DMAP (1.5 eq.) then 2,2-Dimethyl-[1,3]dioxane-4,6-dione (1.1 eq.) then EDC.HCl (1.2 eq.). After 10 min at 0° C., the reaction mixture is warmed to r.t. and stirred for 4 h. The reaction mixture is quenched with a solution of KHSO₄ 5%. The aqueous phase is extracted with DCM, the combined organic layers are washed with a solution of KHSO₄ 5%, water and brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. This residue is taken up in anhydrous toluene and benzyl alcohol (1.1 eq.) is added. The reaction mixture is stirred at 120° C. for 16 h to 20 h, concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel to afford the expected β-ketoester.

Step ii)

To a solution of the β-ketoester (1 eq.) in MEK are added K₂CO₃ (2 eq.), NaI (0.1 eq.) and bromoderivative (1 eq.). The reaction mixture is stirred at 90° C. for 6 h to 16 h and cooled to r.t. Water is added, reaction mixture acidified to pH 8 and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers are washed with water and brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography on silica gel to afford the expected γ-ketoester.

Step iii)

To a solution of the γ-ketoester (1 eq.) in MeOH (or EtOH) are added Pd(OH)₂/C (0.01 eq.), and cyclohexene (10-50 eq.). The reaction mixture is stirred at 70-80° C. for 19 h. The reaction mixture is filtered on celpure P65 and the filtrate is concentrated in vacuo. The residue is used as such or is purified by flash chromatography on silica gel to afford the expected γ-ketoester.

Illustrative Synthesis of Int 158

Step i) 4-Methoxy-3-oxo-butyric acid benzyl ester

To a solution of methoxy-acetic acid (5.11 mL, 0.067 mol, 1 eq.) in DCM (160 mL) at 0° C. under N₂ atmosphere is added portionwise DMAP (12.21 g, 0.100 mol, 1.5 eq.) then 2,2-Dimethyl-[1,3]dioxane-4,6-dione (10.56 g, 0.073 mol, 1.1 eq.) then EDC.HCl (15.32 g, 0.080 mol, 1.2 eq.). After 10 min at 0° C., the reaction mixture is warmed to r.t. and stirred for 4 h. The reaction mixture is quenched with a solution of KHSO₄ 5%. The aqueous phase is extracted with DCM, the combined organic layers are washed with a solution of KHSO₄ 5%, water and brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. This residue is taken up in anhydrous toluene (220 mL) and benzyl alcohol (7.59 mL, 0.073 mol, 1.1 eq.) is added. The reaction mixture is stirred at 120° C. for 16 h, concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (eluting with DCM 100%) to afford the expected β-ketoester. LCMS: MW (calcd): 222; m/z MW (obsd): 245.3 (M+Na)

Step ii) 2-(2-Methoxy-acetyl)-3-benzyl-succinic acid 4-tert-butyl ester 1-methyl ester

To a solution of the β-ketoester (8.96 g, 0.040 mol, 1 eq.) in MEK (120 mL) are added K₂CO₃ (11.14 g, 0.081 mol, 2 eq.), NaI (0.6 g, 0.004 mol, 0.1 eq.) and 2-Bromo-propionic acid tert-butyl ester (6.69 mL, 0.040 mol, 1 eq.). The reaction mixture is stirred at 90° C. for 6 h and cooled to r.t. Water is added, reaction mixture is acidified to pH 8 and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers are washed with water and brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (eluting with Heptane/EtOAc 100/0 to 50/50) to afford the expected γ-ketoester. LCMS: MW (calcd): 350; m/z MW (obsd): 373.4 (M+Na)

Step iii) 5-Methoxy-2-methyl-4-oxo-pentanoic acid tert-butyl ester

To a solution of the γ-ketoester (6.42 g, 0.018 mol, 1 eq.) in MeOH are added Pd(OH)₂/C (0.642 g, 0.002 mol, 0.01 eq.), and cyclohexene (93 mL, 0.916 mol, 50 eq.). The reaction mixture is stirred at 70° C. for 19 h. The reaction mixture is filtered on celpure P65, washed with MeOH and the filtrate is concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (eluting with Heptane/EtOAc 100/0 to 70/30) to afford the expected product. LCMS: MW (calcd): 216; m/z MW (obsd): 239.3 (M+Na).

1.2.3.2. Method C2: with tert-butyl bromoacetate

G₃=C or N

To a solution of the acetyl derivative (1 eq.) in THF and DMPU at 0° C. under N₂ atmosphere is added LiHMDS (1M solution in THF, 1.2 eq.) dropwise. After 15 min at 0° C., tert-butyl bromoacetate (1.5 eq.) is added dropwise and the reaction mixture is stirred at 0° C. for 3 h. The reaction mixture is quenched by a saturated NH₄Cl solution, the organic layer is separated, and the aqueous layer is extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers are washed with water and brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by flash chromatography on silica gel affords the expected γ-ketoester.

Illustrative Synthesis of Int 141

To a solution of the 2-acetyl pyrimidine (2 g, 16.38 mmol, 1 eq.) in THF and DMPU at 0° C. under N₂ atmosphere is added LiHMDS (1M solution in THF, 19.6 mL, 19.65 mmol, 1.2 eq.) dropwise. After 15 min at 0° C., tert-butyl bromoacetate (3.96 mL, 24.56 mmol, 1.5 eq.) is added dropwise and the reaction mixture is stirred at 0° C. for 3 h. The reaction mixture is quenched by a saturated NH₄Cl solution, the organic layer is separated, and the aqueous layer is extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers are washed with water and brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by flash chromatography on silica gel (eluting with Heptane/EtOAc 80/20 to 50/50) affords the expected product. LCMS: MW (calcd): 236; m/z MW (obsd): 237 (M+H).

1.2.3.3. Method C3: Esterification

A glass pressure flask is charged with the carboxylic acid (1 eq.), DCM and concentrated H₂SO₄ (0.1 eq.). It is capped and weighted as such. It is then cooled to −45° C., the flask is opened and isobutene is bubbled through the cold reaction mixture for approximatively 5 min. The flask is capped and weighted. The process is repeated until the expected weigh of isobutene is obtained (5 eq.). The reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. for 4 days, then the flask is cooled to −45° C. prior to opening. A saturated NaHCO₃ solution is added portionwise, and the vigorous stirring kept for 30 min. The organic layer is separated; the aqueous layer is extracted with DCM. The combined organic layers are washed with brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo (with a minimum vacuum of 50 mbar) to afford the expected γ-ketoester.

Illustrative Synthesis of Int 171

A glass pressure flask is charged with 2-Methyl-4-oxo-hexanoic acid (Kato et al., 2003) (7.3 g, 50.6 mmol, 1 eq.), DCM (40 mL) and concentrated H₂SO₄ (270 μL, 5.06 mmol, 0.1 eq.). The flask is capped and weighted as such. It is then cooled to −45° C., the flask is opened and isobutene is bubbled through the cold reaction mixture for approximatively 5 min. The flask is capped and weighted (11 g of isobutene is condensed). The process is repeated until the expected weight of isobutene is obtained (14.2 g, 253.2 mmol, 5 eq.). The reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. for 4 days, then the flask is cooled to −45° C. prior to opening. A saturated NaHCO₃ solution is added portionwise, and the vigorous stirring kept for 30 min. The organic layer is separated; the aqueous layer is extracted with DCM. The combined organic layers are washed with brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo (with a minimum vacuum of 50 mbar) to afford the expected product.

1.2.3.4. Method C4: Stetter Reaction

A vial is charged with aldehyde (1 eq.), tert-butyl ester acrylate (1 eq.), P(Bu)₃ (1 eq.) and dry THF. The vial is capped and heated at 70° C. for 2 h to 16 h. The reaction mixture is partitioned between EtOAc and water. The combined organic layers are washed with brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to afford the expected γ-ketoester after purification by flash chromatography on silica gel.

Illustrative Synthesis of Int 181

To a solution of 1-methyl-1H-imidazole-4-carbaldehyde (1 g, 9.1 mmol, 1.1 eq.) in THF (12 mL) is added P(Bu)₃ (2.16 mL, 8.7 mmol, 1.05 eq.) and the reaction mixture is heated at 50° C. for 5 min. tert-butyl ester acrylate (1.2 mL, 8.3 mmol, 1 eq.) is added and the reaction mixture is stirred at 80° C. for 3 h. tert-butyl ester acrylate (0.3 mL, 0.25 eq.) is added and this process (heating 3 h and addition of tert-butyl ester acrylate) is repeated until no evolution is observed by TLC (EtOAc) and UPLC/MS. The reaction mixture is concentrated in vacuo and the residue is purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (eluting with Heptane/EtOAc 100/0 to 0/100) to afford the expected product. LCMS: MW (calcd): 238; m/z MW (obsd): 239 (M+H).

1.2.3.5. Method C5: Via Epoxide Opening

Step i)

To a solution of alkene (1 eq.) in DCM at 0° C., is added m-CPBA (1.5 eq.) and the reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. overnight. The white precipitate is filtered and washed with DCM. The filtrate is washed with a saturated NaHCO₃ solution, brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography on silica gel to afford the expected epoxide.

Step ii)

A sealed tube is charged with the epoxide (1 eq.), EtOH and secondary amine (1.5 eq.). After heating at reflux for 3 h30, the reaction mixture is concentrated in vacuo. The residue is taken up in DCM, washed with a saturated NH₄Cl solution, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to afford the expected aminoalcohol used in next step without further purification.

Step iii)

A two necked flask, under N₂ atmosphere, is charged with dry DCM and (COCl)₂ (1.1 eq.). The reaction mixture is cooled to −70° C., a solution of DMSO (2.4 eq.) in dry DCM is added dropwise and the reaction mixture is stirred at −70° C./−60° C. for 45 min. A solution of the aminoalcohol (1 eq.) in dry DCM is added dropwise and the reaction mixture is stirred for 1 h at −60° C. Et₃N (5 eq.) is added dropwise. Reaction mixture stirred at −40° C. for 30 min then warmed to r.t. and stirred overnight. Water is added, the organic layer is separated and washed with brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography on silica gel to afford the expected γ-ketoester.

Illustrative Synthesis of Int 188

Step i) 2-Methyl-3-oxiranyl-propionic acid tert-butyl ester

To a solution of Int 148 (2 g, 11.8 mmol, 1 eq.) in DCM (20 mL) at 0° C., is added m-CPBA (3.05 g, 17.7 mmol, 1.5 eq.) and the reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. overnight. The white precipitate is filtered and washed with DCM. The filtrate is washed with a saturated NaHCO₃ solution, brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (eluting with Heptane/EtOAc 100/0 to 80/20) to afford the expected epoxide.

Step ii) 4-Hydroxy-2-methyl-5-morpholin-4-yl-pentanoic acid tert-butyl ester

A sealed tube is charged with the epoxide obtained in the previous step (0.19 g, 1.02 mmol, 1 eq.), EtOH (3 mL) and morpholine (0.134 mL, 1.53 mmol, 1.5 eq.). After heating at reflux for 3 h30, the reaction mixture is concentrated in vacuo. The residue is taken up in DCM, washed with a saturated NH₄Cl solution, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to afford the expected aminoalcohol used in next step without further purification.

Step iii) 2-Methyl-5-morpholin-4-yl-4-oxo-pentanoic acid tert-butyl ester

A two necked flask, under N₂ atmosphere, is charged with dry DCM (5 mL) and (COCl)₂ (0.153 mL, 1.81 mmol, 1.1 eq.). The reaction mixture is cooled to −70° C., a solution of DMSO (0.281 mL, 3.96 mmol, 2.4 eq.) in dry DCM (0.5 mL) is added dropwise and the reaction mixture is stirred at −70° C./−60° C. for 45 min. A solution of the aminoalcohol obtained in the previous step (0.450 g, 1.65 mmol, 1 eq.) in dry DCM (2 mL) is added dropwise and the reaction mixture is stirred for 1 h at −60° C. Et₃N (1.19 mL, 8.24 mmol, 5 eq.) is added dropwise. Reaction mixture stirred at −40° C. for 30 min then warmed to r.t. and stirred overnight. Water is added, the organic layer is separated and washed with brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (eluting with DCM/acetone 90/10) to afford the expected product.

1.2.4. General Method D: Preparation of Ketoamide 1.2.4.1.1. Method D1: Preparation of Acrylamide

1.2.4.1. Method D1a

To a solution of piperazine (1 eq.) in EtOAc/NaHCO₃ sat. aq. (2/1 v/v) at 0° C. is added dropwise the acryloyl chloride derivative (1.1 eq.). Reaction mixture is stirred at 0° C. for 30 min then r.t. for 1 h. The organic layer is separated. The aqueous layer is extracted with EtOAc and the combined organic layers are washed with water, brine and dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to afford the expected acrylamide (used as such or purified by flash chromatography on silica gel).

Illustrative Synthesis of Int 006

To a solution of (S)-1-(3-Chloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-2-methyl-piperazine dihydrochloride (2 g, 6.63 mmol, 1 eq.) in EtOAc/NaHCO₃ sat. aq. (60 mL/30 mL) at 0° C. is added dropwise acryloyl chloride (0.595 mL, 7.29 mmol, 1.1 eq.). Reaction mixture is stirred at 0° C. for 30 min then r.t. for 1 h. The organic layer is separated. The aqueous layer is extracted with EtOAc and the combined organic layers are washed with water, brine and dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to afford the expected product. LCMS: MW (calcd): 283; m/z MW (obsd): 283-285 (M+H).

1.2.4.1.2 Method D1b

To a solution of piperazine (1 eq.) and Et3N (1.5 eq.) in DCM at 0° C. is added dropwise the acryloyl chloride derivative (1.5 eq.). Reaction mixture is stirred at 0° C. for 1 h and allowed to reach r.t. Water and DCM are added, the organic layer is separated. The aqueous layer is extracted with DCM, the combined organic layers are washed with brine and dried over anhydrous Na2SO4, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to afford the expected acrylamide after purification by flash chromatography on silica gel.

Illustrative Synthesis of Int 009

To a solution of 1-(3-Chloro-2-methyl-phenyl)-piperazine (2.06 g, 9.8 mmol, 1 eq.) and Et₃N (1.5 mL, 14.7 mmol, 1.5 eq.) in DCM at 0° C. is added dropwise 2-Methyl-acryloyl chloride (2.05 mL, 14.7 mmol, 1.5 eq.). Reaction mixture is stirred at 0° C. for 1 h and allowed to reach r.t. Water and DCM are added, the organic layer is separated. The aqueous layer is extracted with DCM, the combined organic layers are washed with brine and dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (eluting with DCM/MeOH 100/0 to 90/10) to afford the expected product. LCMS: MW (calcd): 279; m/z MW (obsd): 279-281 (M+H).

1.2.4.2. Method D2: Stetter Reaction

1.2.4.2.1 Method D2a (P(Bu)₃)

A vial is charged with aldehyde (1 eq.), acrylamide (0.95 eq.), P(Bu)₃ (1 eq.) and dry THF. The vial is capped and heated at 70° C. for 2 h to 3 h. The reaction mixture is partitioned between EtOAc and water. The combined organic layers are washed with brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to afford the expected γ-ketoamide after purification by flash chromatography on silica gel.

Illustrative Synthesis of Int 095

A vial is charged with 3-Methyl-benzaldehyde (0.141 mL, 0.1.2 mmol, 1 eq.), Int 005 (0.300 g, 1.2 mmol, 1 eq.), P(Bu)₃ (0.242 mL, 1.2 mmol, 1 eq.) and dry THF (2 mL). The vial is capped and heated at 70° C. for 2 h. Additional P(Bu)₃ (15 μL, 0.05eq.) and 3-Methyl-benzaldehyde (10 μL, 0.1 eq.) is added, and the vial is capped and heated at 80° C. for 2 h. The reaction mixture is partitioned between EtOAc and water. The combined organic layers are washed with brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (eluting with Heptane/EtOAc, from 100/0 to 0/100) to afford the expected product. LCMS: MW (calcd): 370; m/z MW (obsd): 371-373 (M+H).

1.2.4.2.2 Method D2b (Rh Catalyst)

A vial is charged with bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)rhodium(I) tetrafluoroborate (0.10 eq.), 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)butane (0.10 eq.), dry DCM and sealed with a septum. The flask is evacuated and refilled with H₂ (3 times) and the reaction mixture is stirred under an atmosphere of H₂. After 3 h, volatiles are removed under a nitrogen stream. The residue is combined with acrylamide (1 eq.), aldehyde (1.5 equiv.) and 1,2-dichloroethane in a vial under a N₂ atmosphere. The vial is sealed with a cap and heated at 100° C. After 16 h, the mixture is concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel to afford the expected γ-ketoamide.

Illustrative Synthesis of Int 021

A vial is charged with bis(1,5-cyclooctadiene)rhodium(I) tetrafluoroborate (0.054 g, 0.132 mmol, 0.10 eq.), 1,4-bis(diphenylphosphino)butane (0.056 g, 0.132 mmol, 0.10 eq.), dry DCM (2 mL) and sealed with a septum. The flask is evacuated and refilled with H₂ (3 times) and the reaction mixture is stirred under an atmosphere of H₂. After 3 h, volatiles are removed under a nitrogen stream. The residue is combined with Int 001 (0.397 g, 1.328 mmol, 1 eq.), 3-(1,3-dioxo-1,3-dihydroisoindol-2-yl)-propionaldehyde (0.406 g, 2.00 mmol, 1.5 equiv.) and 1,2-dichloroethane (2 mL) in a vial under a N₂ atmosphere. The vial is sealed with a cap and heated at 100° C. After 2 days, the mixture is concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (eluting with Heptane/EtOAc 100/0 to 0/100, then DCM/MeOH 90/10) to afford Int 021. LCMS: MW (calcd): 502; m/z MW (obsd): 502-504 (M+H).

1.2.4.2.3 Method D2c (NaCN)

A vial is charged with aldehyde (3 eq.) and dry DMF. NaCN (1.5 eq) is added and the reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. for 5 min. A solution of acrylamide (1 eq.) in dry DMF is added, the vial is sealed and heated at 120° C. for 3 h30 and cooled to r.t. A saturated NaHCO₃ solution and water are added to the reaction mixture followed by extraction with EtOAc. The combined organic layer are washed with brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel to afford the expected γ-ketoamide.

Illustrative Synthesis of Int 060

A vial is charged with pyridine-4-carbaldehyde (0.227 g, 2.12 mmol, 3 eq.) and dry DMF (4 mL). NaCN (0.052 g, 1.06 mmol, 1.5 eq) is added and the reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. for 5 min. A solution of Int 006 (0.200 g, 0.71 mmol, 1 eq.) in dry DMF (2 mL) is added, the vial is sealed and heated at 120° C. for 3 h30 and cooled to r.t. A saturated NaHCO₃ solution and water are added to the reaction mixture followed by extraction with EtOAc. The combined organic layers are washed with brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (eluting with DCM/MeOH 100/0 to 98/2) to afford the expected product. LCMS: MW (calcd): 390; m/z MW (obsd): 390-392 (M+H).

1.2.4.3. Method D4: Oxidative Cleavage

A vial is charged with alkene (1 eq.), a mixture of dioxane/water or THF/water and OsO₄ (0.01-0.06 eq.). After 15 min, NaIO₄ (2-4 eq.) is added and the reaction mixture is starred at r.t. for 2 h to 20 h, combined with water or a solution of NaHSO₃ and extracted with DCM. The combined organic layers are washed with brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel to afford the expected γ-ketoamide.

Illustrative Synthesis of Int 055

A vial is charged with alkene Int 124 (4.95 g, 15.1 mmol, 1 eq.), a mixture of dioxane (100 mL) and water (20 mL), and OsO₄ (2.5 wt % in t-BuOH, 2.8 mL, 223 mmol, 0.015 eq.). After 15 min, a solution of NaIO₄ (6.61 g, 30.9 mmol, 2 eq.) in water (150 mL) is added dropwise over 10 minutes, and the reaction mixture is starred at r.t. overnight, combined with water (600 mL) and extracted with CHCl₃ (250 mL). The organic layer is washed with brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (eluting with EtOAc/DCM 20/80) to afford the expected the expected product. LCMS: MW (calcd): 329; m/z MW (obsd): 329-331 (M+H).

1.2.4.4. Method D5: Via Furan Oxidation

Step i)

To a solution of phosphonate (1.1 eq.) in EtOH is added K₂CO₃ (1.2 eq.). The reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. for 2 h prior to addition of the aldehyde (1 eq.). The reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. (1 h to 3 h), diluted with EtOAc and filtered on celpure P65. The filtrate is concentrated in vacuo. The residue is taken up in EtOAc and washed with a saturated NH₄Cl solution, a saturated NaHCO₃ solution, brine and dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel to afford the expected α,β-unsaturated ketone.

Step ii)

To a solution of the α,β-unsaturated ketone obtained in the previous step (1 eq.) in dry MeOH are added PdCl₂ (0.1 eq.) and 2-methylfuran (2 eq.). The reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. for 3 h to 24 h, diluted with EtOAc and filtered on celpure P65. The filtrate is concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel to afford the expected ketone.

Step iii)

To a solution of ketone obtained in the previous step (1 eq.) in Heptane/EtOAc/water (1/3/4) is added NaIO₄ (7 eq.). The reaction mixture is stirred for 10 min then RUCl₃.3H₂O (0.02 eq.) is added. The reaction mixture is stirred for 30 min to 1 h30, filtered on celpure P65, washed with MeCN and the filtrate is concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography on silica gel to afford the expected γ-ketoacid.

Illustrative Synthesis of Int 138

Step i)

To a solution of phosphonate (14.22 g, 73.24 mmol, 1.1 eq.) in EtOH (150 mL) is added K₂CO₃ (11 g, 79.90 mmol, 1.2 eq.). The reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. for 2 h prior to addition of benzyloxy-acetaldehyde (10 g, 66.59 mmol, 1 eq.). The reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. for 3 h, diluted with EtOAc and filtered on celpure P65. The filtrate is concentrated in vacuo. The residue is taken up in EtOAc and washed with a saturated NH₄Cl solution, a saturated NaHCO₃ solution, brine and dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (eluting with Heptane/EtOAc 100/0 to 80/20) to afford the expected α,β-unsaturated ketone.

Step ii)

To a solution of the α,β-unsaturated ketone obtained in the previous step (8.7 g, 45.73 mmol, 1 eq.) in dry MeOH (183 mL) are added PdCl₂ (0.811 g, 0.457 mmol, 0.1 eq.) and 2-methylfuran (8.25 mL, 91.46 mmol, 2 eq.). The reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. for 3 h, diluted with EtOAc and filtered on celpure P65. The filtrate is concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel eluting with Heptane/EtOAc 100/0 to 85/15) to afford the expected ketone.

Step iii)

To a solution of ketone obtained in the previous step (1 g, 3.67 mmol, 1 eq.) in Heptane/EtOAc/water (6 mL/18 mL/24 mL) is added NaIO₄ (5.48 g, 25.69 mmol, 7 eq.). The reaction mixture is stirred for 10 min then RuCl₃.3H₂O (0.019 g, 0.073 mmol, 0.02 eq.) is added. The reaction mixture is stirred for 1 h15, filtered on celpure P65, washed with MeCN and the filtrate is concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (eluting with DCM/MeOH 98/2 to 95/5) to afford the expected product (stored at 4° C.).

1.2.4.5. Method D6: Via α-Bromo Ketone

Step i)

To a solution of levulinic acid (1 eq.) in MeOH, bromine (1 eq.) is added dropwise. The reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. overnight and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is partitioned between water and Et₂O, the pH is adjusted to 8 using a saturated NaHCO₃ solution. After extraction with Et₂O, the combined organic layer are dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel to afford the expected bromo derivative as a methylester.

Step ii)

To a solution of the bromo derivative obtained in the previous step (1 eq.) in MeOH is added Et₃N (0 or 1 eq.) and secondary amine (1 to 2 eq.). Reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. for 30 to 120 min and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is used as such or purified by flash chromatography on silica gel to afford the expected amino ester derivative.

Step iii)

Amino ester obtained in the previous step (1 eq.) is heated at 80° C. with an excess of 1M solution of NaOH for 2 to 3 h. After complete hydrolysis (followed by HPLC/MS), the reaction mixture is acidified and evaporated to dryness and the crude amino acid is used as such in next step or triturated in DMF to remove salts.

Illustrative Synthesis of Int 130

Step i) 5-Bromo-4-oxo-pentanoic acid methyl ester

To a solution of levulinic acid (5 g, 43.1 mmol, 1 eq.) in MeOH (103 mL) under N₂ atmosphere, bromine (2.2 mL, 43.1 mmol, 1 eq.) is added dropwise. The resultant solution is stirred at r.t. overnight and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is partitioned between water and Et₂O, the pH is adjusted to 8 using a saturated NaHCO₃ solution. After extraction with Et₂O, the combined organic layers are dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (eluting with iso-Hexane/EtOAc 100/0 to 50/50) to afford the expected bromo derivative as a methylester.

Step ii) 5-[(2-Methoxy-ethyl)-methyl-amino]-4-oxo-pentanoic acid methyl ester

To a solution of the bromo derivative obtained in the previous step (1 g, 4.78 mmol, 1 eq.) in MeOH (12.5 mL) is added Et₃N (0.670 mL, 4.82 mmol, 1 eq.) and (2-methoxy-ethyl)-methyl-amine (0.420 mL, 4.83 mmol, 1 eq.). Reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. for 2 h and concentrated in vacuo. The expected amino ester derivative is used as such in next step.

Step iii) 5-[(2-Methoxy-ethyl)-methyl-amino]-4-oxo-pentanoic acid

Amino ester obtained in the previous step (1.75 g crude assumed as 4.78 mmol, 1 eq.) is heated at 80° C. with an excess of 1M solution of NaOH (15 mL, 15 mmol, 3eq.) for 2 h. After complete hydrolysis (followed by HPLC/MS), the reaction mixture is acidified and evaporated to dryness and the crude amino acid is used as such.

1.2.4.6. Method D7: Ketoamide Functionalization by Suzuki Coupling

A vial is charged with bromide derivative (1 eq.), Xphos (0.06-0.018 eq.), Pd(OAc)₂ (0.03-0.09 eq.), Cs₂CO₃ (4-5 eq.), [(Dimethylammonium)methyl]trifluoroborate internal salt (3 eq.), THF and water. The reaction mixture is heated at 80° C. until completion is observed by UPLC/MS (6-8 days). Additions of Xphos, Pd(OAc)₂, Cs₂CO₃ and [(Dimethylammonium)methyl]trifluoroborate internal salt are performed every 24 h to reach a good level of conversion. A saturated NaHCO₃ solution is added to the reaction mixture followed by extraction with EtOAc. The combined organic layers are washed with water and brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel to afford the expected functionalized γ-ketoamide.

Illustrative Synthesis of Int 090

A vial is charged with Int 118 (300 mg, 0.69 mmol, 1 eq.), Xphos (59 mg, 0.0124 mmol, 0.018 eq.), Pd(OAc)₂ (14 mg, 0.062 mmol, 0.09 eq.), Cs₂CO₃ (1.12 g, 3.44 mmol, 5 eq.), [(Dimethylammonium)methyl]trifluoroborate internal salt (262 mg, 2.07 mmol, 3 eq.), THF (2.3 mL) and water (0.6 mL). The reaction mixture is heated at 80° C. for 2 days. Xphos (30 mg, 0.0062 mmol, 0.009 eq.), Pd(OAc)₂ (7 mg, 0.031 mmol, 0.045 eq.) and [(Dimethylammonium)methyl]trifluoroborate internal salt (66 mg, 0.52 mmol, 0.75 eq.) are added and the reaction mixture is heated at 80° C. for 24 h. Cs₂CO₃ (440 mg, 1.35 mmol, 2 eq.), and [(Dimethylammonium)methyl]trifluoroborate internal salt (80 mg, 0.63 mmol, 1 eq.) are added and the reaction mixture is heated at 80° C. for 2 days. Xphos (30 mg, 0.0062 mmol, 0.009 eq.) and Pd(OAc)₂ (7 mg, 0.031 mmol, 0.045 eq.) are added and the reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. for 3 days. A saturated NaHCO₃ solution is added to the reaction mixture followed by extraction with EtOAc. The combined organic layer are washed with water and brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (eluting with heptane/DCM 1/0 to 0/1 then DCM/MeOH 100/0 to 90/10) to afford the expected product. LCMS: MW (calcd): 414; m/z MW (obsd): 414-416 (M+H).

1.2.5. General Method E: Functionalization of γ-Ketoamide

Step i)

A Dean-Starck apparatus is loaded with γ-ketoamide (1 eq.) in toluene, ethylene glycol (1.2 to 1.4 eq.) and p-toluenesulfonic acid (0.06 to 0.2 eq.). The reaction mixture is heated at reflux for 2 h to 4 h. A solution of NaOH 0.1N and EtOAc are added, the organic layer is separated, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated in vacuo to afford the expected dioxolane. This residue is either purified by flash chromatography on silica gel or used as such in next step.

Step ii)

To a solution of the dioxolane obtained in the previous step (1 eq.) in dry THF at −78° C. is added dropwise LDA or LiHMDS (2M solution in THF, 1.1 eq.). The reaction mixture is stirred at −78° C. for 30 min, then 0° C. for 10 min then cooled to −78° C. for dropwise addition of a solution of alkyl halide (1.4 eq.) in dry THF. The reaction mixture is allowed to warm to r.t. and quenched with a saturated NH₄Cl solution. After evaporation of the THF, the aqueous layer is extracted with EtOAc, the combined organic layer are washed with water and brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel to afford the expected functionalized dioxolane.

Step iii)

To a solution of the functionalized dioxolane obtained in the previous step (1 eq.) in MeOH is added an aqueous solution of HCl 6N (6 eq.). The reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. for 3 h, a saturated NaHCO₃ solution is added to the reaction mixture followed by extraction with EtOAc. The combined organic layers are washed with water and brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel to afford the expected functionalized j-ketoamide.

Illustrative Synthesis of Int 066

Step i) 1-[(S)-4-(3-Fluoro-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-(2-methyl-[1,3]dioxolan-2-yl)-propan-1-one

A Dean-Starck apparatus is loaded with Int 122 (1 g, 3.4 mmol, 1 eq.), toluene (50 mL), ethylene glycol (220 μL, 3.9 mmol, 1.2 eq.) and p-toluenesulfonic acid (100 mg, 0.58 mmol, 0.17 eq.). The reaction mixture is heated at reflux for 2 h. A solution of NaOH 0.1N and EtOAc are added, the organic layer is separated, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated in vacuo to afford the expected dioxolane used as such in next step. LCMS: MW (calcd): 336; m/z MW (obsd): 337 (M+H).

Step ii) 1-[(S)-4-(3-Fluoro-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methoxymethyl-3-(2-methyl-[1,3]dioxolan-2-yl)-propan-1-one

To a solution of the dioxolane obtained in the previous step (380 mg, 1.13 mmol, 1 eq.) in dry THF (30 mL) at −78° C. is added dropwise LDA (2M solution in THF, 0.6 mL, 1.2 mmol, 1.1 eq.). The reaction mixture is stirred at −78° C. for 30 min, then 0° C. for 10 min then cooled to −78° C. for dropwise addition of a solution of bromomethylether (137 μL, 1.5 mmol, 1.4 eq.) in dry THF (5 mL). The reaction mixture is allowed to warm to r.t. and quenched with a saturated NH₄Cl solution. After evaporation of the THF, the aqueous layer is extracted with EtOAc, the combined organic layer are washed with water and brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (eluting with Heptane/EtOAc 100/0 to 50/50) to afford the expected functionalized dioxolane. LCMS: MW (calcd): 380; m/z MW (obsd): 381 (M+H).

Step iii) 1-[(S)-4-(3-Fluoro-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methoxymethyl-pentane-1,4-dione

To a solution of the functionalized dioxolane obtained in the previous step (190 mg, 0.5 mmol, 1 eq.) in MeOH (5 mL) is added an aqueous solution of HCl 6N (0.5 mL, 3 mmol, 6 eq.). The reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. for 3 h, a saturated NaHCO₃ solution is added to the reaction mixture followed by extraction with EtOAc. The combined organic layers are washed with water and brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (eluting with DCM/acetone 100/0 to 90/10) to afford the expected product. LCMS: MW (calcd): 336; m/z MW (obsd): 337 (M+H).

1.2.6. General Method F: Bucherer Bergs Reaction

G₇=O-Alk₁, Alk₂-N-Alk₃

A pressure reactor or an open round bottom flask equipped with a condenser is charged with a solution of (NH₄)₂CO₃ or (NH₄)HCO₃ (8-12 eq.) in water. KCN (2 to 4 eq.) is added portionwise then a solution of γ-ketoester or γ-ketoamide (1 eq.) in EtOH is added. The vessel is sealed and heated at 60-90° C. for 1 h to 2 days. The reaction mixture is cooled to r.t., combined with water and extracted with AcOEt or CHCl₃/nBuOH 10%. The combined organic layers are washed with water and brine, dried (over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ or MgSO₄), filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is either recrystallized or purified by flash chromatography on silica gel to afford the expected hydantoin derivative.

Illustrative Synthesis of (R)-5-Methyl-5-((S)-2-methyl-3-oxo-butyl)-imidazolidine-2,4-dione+(S)-5-Methyl-5-((R)-2-methyl-3-oxo-butyl)-imidazolidine-2,4-dione

A pressure reactor is charged with a solution of (NH₄)₂CO₃ (79.4 g, 0.826 mol, 8 eq.) in water (400 mL). KCN (20 g, 0.307 mol, 3 eq.) is added portionwise then a solution of γ-ketoester (19.15 g, 0.103 mol, 1 eq.) in EtOH (400 mL) is added. The vessel is sealed and heated at 90° C. overnight. The reaction mixture is cooled to r.t., combined with water and extracted with CHCl₃/nBuOH 10%. The combined organic layers are washed with brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated in vacuo.

The above reaction is performed twice and the two crude residues are gathered for recrystallization. A flask is charged with the two crude residues, EtOH (250 mL) is added and the reaction mixture is heated at reflux. Upon complete dissolution, the reaction mixture is allowed to cool to r.t. for 2 days, it is filtered and the crystalline solid is combined with EtOH (200 mL), heated to reflux, cooled to r.t. overnight and filtered to afford the expected hydantoin as a trans-Mc racemic mixture (LCMS: >99% de, MW (calcd): 256; m/z MW (obsd): 257 (M+H)).

Illustrative Synthesis of Cpd 172

A pressure reactor is charged with (NH₄)₂CO₃ (0.645 g, 6.71 mmol, 10 eq.), KCN (0.175 g, 2.69 mmol, 4 eq.), Int 046 (0.248 g, 0.671 mmol, 1 eq.), EtOH (4 mL) and water (4 mL). The vessel is sealed and heated at 60° C. for 40 h. The reaction mixture is cooled to r.t., combined with water and extracted with DCM. The combined organic layers are washed with brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated in vacuo. Purification by flash chromatography on silica gel (eluting with DCM/iPrOH 20/1) afforded the two diastereoisomers, of which the faster eluting compound is the expected product. (LCMS: MW (calcd): 439-441; m/z MW (obsd): 439-441 (M+H)).

1.2.7. General Method G: Method for Preparation of Hydantoin Propionic Acids

A flask is charged with tert-butyl ester (1 eq.) and HCl 4N in dioxane (5 to 40 eq.). In some cases, an additional solvent such as DCM, dioxane or water is added to increase solubility. The reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. for 1 h to 4 days until complete conversion. The reaction mixture is either concentrated in vacuo or filtered and washed with Et₂O to afford the expected carboxylic acid.

Illustrative Synthesis of Int 169

A flask is charged with Int 170 (3.6 g, 13.32 mmol, 1 eq.) and HCl 4N in dioxane (33.3 mL, 133 mmol, 10 eq.). The reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. for 2 days and concentrated in vacuo to afford the expected product.

1.2.8. General Method H: Amide Bond Formation

1.2.8.1. Method H1: EDC/HOBt

A solution of acid (1 eq.), Et₃N (3 to 4 eq.), HOBt (0.1 to 1.1 eq.) in DMF (or DCM) is stirred at r.t. EDC.HCl (1 to 1.2 eq.) is added, then amine (0.95 to 2 eq.) is added and the reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. for 5 h to 2 days. The reaction mixture is partitioned between DCM (or EtOAC) and water, extracted with DCM (or EtOAc). The combined organic layers are washed with water and brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄ (or MgSO₄), filtered, concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel or preparative LCMS to afford the expected amide.

Illustrative Synthesis of Cpd 052

A solution of 3-(4-methyl-2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-4-yl)propionic acid (64 mg, 0.34 mmol, 1 eq.), Et₃N (142 μL, 1.02 mmol, 3 eq.), HOBt (46 mg, 0.34 mmol, 1 eq.) in DMF (2 mL) is stirred at r.t. EDC.HCl (78 mg, 0.41 mmol, 1.2 eq.) is added, then 1-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)piperazine dihydrochloride (150 mg, 0.52 mmol, 1.5 2 eq.) is added and the reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. overnight. The reaction mixture is partitioned between DCM and water, extracted with DCM. The combined organic layers are washed with water and brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated in vacuo and purified by preparative LCMS to afford the expected product. LCMS: MW (calcd): 383; m/z MW (obsd): 383-385 (M+H).

1.2.8.2. Method H2: HATU

A flask is charged with acid (1 eq.), amine (0.85 to 1.1 eq.), HATU (0.85 to 1.1 eq.) and DMF (or THF). DIPEA (2 to 6 eq.) is added and the reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. for 5 h to 2 days. The reaction mixture is partitioned between EtOAc and water, extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers are washed with water and brine, dried (over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, MgSO₄, or hydrophobic column), filtered, concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel or preparative LCMS to afford the expected amide.

Illustrative Synthesis of Cpd 237 (Mixture of Tram Isomers)

A flask is charged with Int 165 (70 mg, 0.35 mmol, 1.1 eq.), Int 216 (95 mg, 0.32 mmol, 1 eq.), HATU (127 mg, 0.34 mmol, 1.05 eq) and DMF (3 mL). DIPEA (167 μL, 0.96 mmol, 3 eq.) is added and the reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. overnight. The reaction mixture is partitioned between EtOAc and water, extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers are washed with water and brine, dried over hydrophobic column, filtered, concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (eluting with DCM/MeOH 100/0 to 96/4) to afford the expected product. LCMS: MW (calcd): 407; m/z MW (obsd): 407-409 (M+H).

1.2.8.3. Method H3: BOP

A flask is charged with acid (1 eq.), DMF (or DCM), DIPEA or Et₃N (2 to 6 eq.) and BOP (0.77 to 1.1 eq.). After 5-15 min, amine (0.77 to 1.5 eq.) is added and the reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. for 5 h to 2 days. The reaction mixture is partitioned between EtOAc (or DCM) and water, extracted with EtOAc (or DCM). The combined organic layers are washed with water and brine, dried (over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, MgSO₄, or hydrophobic column), filtered, concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel or preparative LCMS to afford the expected amide.

Illustrative Synthesis of Int 034

A flask is charged with 4-cyclobutyl-4-oxo-butyric acid (104 mg, 0.67 mmol, 1 eq.), DMF (2 mL), Et₃N (0.4 mL, 2.88 mmol, 4.3 eq.) and BOP (320 mg, 0.72 mmol, 1.1 eq.). After 5-15 min, 1-(3-chlorophenyl)piperazine (157 mg, 0.67 mmol, 1 eq.) is added and the reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. overnight. The reaction mixture is partitioned between DCM and water, extracted with DCM. The combined organic layers are washed with water and brine, concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (eluting with DCM/EtOAc 90/10) afford the expected product. LCMS: MW (calcd): 335; m/z MW (obsd): 335-337 (M+H).

1.2.8.4. Method H4: CDI

A flask is charged with acid (1 eq.), amine (1 eq.) and DMF. HOBt (0.8 eq.), DIPEA (1.5 eq.) and PS-CDI (load 1.25 mmol/g, 1.3 eq.) are added and the reaction mixture is stirred in a microwave reactor at 60° C. for 30-60 min. Reaction mixture is filtered to remove PS-CDI, washed with EtOAc and the filtrate is extracted with EtOAc and brine. The combined organic layers concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel or preparative LCMS to afford the expected amide.

Illustrative Synthesis of Cpd 379

A flask is charged with Int 164 (41 mg, 0.23 mmol, 1 eq.), Int 232 (60 mg, 0.23 mmol, 1 eq.) and DMF (5 mL). HOBt (28 mg, 0.18 mmol, 0.8 eq.), DIPEA (60 μL, 0.34 mmol, 1.5 eq.) and PS-CDI (load 1.25 mmol/g, 237 mg, 0.29 mmol, 1.3 eq.) are added and the reaction mixture is stirred in a microwave reactor at 60° C. for 30 min. Reaction mixture is filtered to remove PS-CDI, washed with EtOAc and the filtrate is extracted with EtOAc and brine. The combined organic layers concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography (eluting with DCM/MeOH 100/0 to 90/10) to afford the expected product. LCMS: MW (calcd): 468; m/z MW (obsd): 469 (M+H).

1.2.8.5. Method H5: Mukaiyama Reagent

A flask is charged with acid (1 eq.), amine (1.5 eq.) and DMF/DCM. Et₃N (4 eq.) and PS-Mukaiyama reagent (load 1.17 mmol/g, 2 eq.) are added and the reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. for 24 h. Reaction mixture is filtered, washed with DCM and the filtrate is concentrated in vacuo and purified by preparative LCMS to afford the expected amide.

Illustrative Synthesis of Cpd 005

A flask is charged with 3-(2,5-dioxo-4-phenyl-imidazolidin-4-yl)propionic acid (77 mg, 0.31 mmol, 1 eq.), 1-(4-chloro-phenyl)-piperazine dihydrochloride (126 mg, 0.47 mmol, 1.5 eq.) and DMF/DCM (1 mL/4 mL). Et₃N (169 μL, 1.25 mmol, 4 eq.) and PS-Mukaiyama reagent (load 1.17 mmol/g, 540 mmg, 0.63 mmol, 2 eq.) are added and the reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. for 24 h. Reaction mixture is filtered, washed with DCM and the filtrate is concentrated in vacuo and purified by preparative LCMS to afford the expected product. LCMS: MW (calcd): 427; m/z MW (obsd): 427-429 (M+H).

1.2.9. General Method I: Functionalization of Final Compound 1.2.9.1. Method I1: Acetylation

To a solution of amino derivative (1 eq.) in pyridine is added acetic anhydride (1.02 eq.). The reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. for 4 h to 16 h, concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel to afford the expected acetamide.

Illustrative Synthesis of Cpd 223

To a solution of Cpd 180 (150 mg, 0.33 mmol, 1 eq.) in pyridine (2 mL) is added acetic anhydride (32 μL, 0.34 mmol, 1.02 eq.). The reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. for 4 h, concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (eluting with DCM/MeOH 100/0 to 90/10) to afford the expected product. LCMS: MW (calcd): 456; m/z MW (obsd): 456-458 (M+H).

1.2.9.2. Method I2: NBoc Deprotection

To a solution of N-tert-butoxycarbonyl derivative (1 eq.) in a mixture DCM/MeOH is added HCl 4N in dioxane (10 to 20 eq.). The reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. for 4 h to 2 days and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is either purified by preparative HPLC or dissolved in DCM/MeOH, neutralized by addition of a base (NH₃ in MeOH (7N) or NaHCO₃) and purified by SCX column or flash chromatography on silica gel to afford the expected amine.

Illustrative Synthesis of Cpd 241

To a solution of Cpd 235 (39 mg, 0.076 mmol, 1 eq.) in a mixture DCM/MeOH (1.5 mL/1 mL) is added HCl 4N in dioxane (0.37 mL, 1.51 mmol, 20 eq.). The reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. for 16 h and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is dissolved in DCM/MeOH, neutralized by addition of NH₃ in MeOH (7N, 110 μL, 0.75 mmol, 10 eq.) and purified by SCX-2 column (eluting successively with DCM/MeOH/NH₃: 8/1/1, 6/3/1 and 0/9/1) to afford the expected product. LCMS: MW (calcd): 409; m/z MW (obsd): 410 (M+H).

1.2.9.3. Method I3: Alkylation

To a solution of amino derivative (1 eq.) in DMF is added K₂CO₃ (3 eq.) then benzyl bromide (1 eq.). The reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. for 16 h to 4 days, quenched by addition of water and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layers are combined, washed with brine, dried by filtration over hydrophobic column, concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel to afford the expected benzylamine.

Illustrative Synthesis of Cpd 181

To a solution of Cpd 180 (200 mg, 0.444 mmol, 1 eq.) in DMF (2 mL) is added K₂CO₃ (184 mg, 1.331 mmol, 3 eq.) then benzyl bromide (76 mg, 0.444 mmol, 1 eq.). The reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. overnight, quenched by addition of water and extracted with EtOAc. The organic layers are combined, washed with brine, dried by filtration over hydrophobic column, concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (eluting with DCM/isopropyl alcohol 100/0 to 90/10) to afford the expected product. LCMS: MW (calcd): 504; m/z MW (obsd): 504-506 (M+H).

1.2.9.4. Method I4: O-Debenzylation

To a solution of benzyloxy derivative (1 eq.) in dry THF or MeOH under argon atmosphere is added Pd(OH)₂/C. The reaction mixture is stirred under H₂ atmosphere at r.t. for 5 h to 2 days then filtered on celpure P65. The filtrate is concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel to afford the expected alcohol.

Illustrative Synthesis of Cpd 268 (Mixture of Trans Isomers)

To a solution of Int 062 (70 mg, 0.15 mmol, 1 eq.) in dry THF (75 mL) under argon atmosphere is added Pd(OH)₂/C (35 mg, 50% w/w). The reaction mixture is degassed by 3 vacuum/hydrogen filling cycles, and stirred under H₂ atmosphere at r.t. for 2 days then filtered on celpure P65. The filtrate is concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (eluting with DCM/MeOH 100/0 to 95/5) to afford the expected product. LCMS: MW (calcd): 392; m/z MW (obsd): 429-431 (M+H).

1.2.9.5. Method I5: Two-Steps Functionalization by Suzuki Reaction

G₈=Ar, HetAr

Step i)

A vial is loaded with bromo derivative (1 eq.), bis(pinacolato)diboron (1.2 eq.), KOAc (3 eq.) and dioxane degassed with N₂. PdCl₂(dppf) (0.05 eq.) is added, the vial is sealed and stirred at 90° C. overnight. The reaction mixture is filtered on celpure P65, washed with EtOAc. The filtrate is concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel to afford the expected boronic ester.

Step ii)

A vial is loaded with the boronic ester obtained in the previous step (1 eq.), aryl halide (1.1 to 1.2 eq.), Na₂CO₃ (3 eq.) and a mixture dioxane/water (9/1) degassed with N₂. PdCl₂(dppf) (0.05 to 0.2 eq.) is added, the vial is sealed and stirred at 90° C. overnight. The reaction mixture is filtered on celpure P65, washed with EtOAc. The filtrate is concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel or preparative HPLC to afford the expected compound.

Illustrative Synthesis of Cpd 372

Step i) 5-Cyclopropyl-5-(3-{(S)-3-methyl-4-[3-(4,4,5,5-tetramethyl-[1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)-phenyl]-piperazin-1-yl}-3-oxo-propyl)-imidazolidine-2,4-dione

A vial is loaded with Cpd 270 (90 mg, 0.200 mmol, 1 eq.), bis(pinacolato)diboron (61 mg, 0.240 mmol, 1.2 eq.), KOAc (59 mg, 0.601 mmol, 3 eq.) and dioxane (2 mL) degassed with N₂. PdCl₂(dppf) (7 mg, 0.010 mmol, 0.05 eq.) is added, the vial is sealed and stirred at 90° C. overnight. The reaction mixture is filtered on celpure P65, washed with EtOAc. The filtrate is concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (eluting with DCM/MeOH 100/0 to 97/3) to afford the expected boronic ester. LCMS: MW (calcd): 496; m/z MW (obsd): 497 (M+H).

Step ii) 5-Cyclopropyl-5-{3-[(S)-3-methyl-4-(3-pyrazin-2-yl-phenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl}-imidazolidine-2,4-dione

A vial is loaded with the boronic ester obtained in the previous step (86 mg, 0.173 mmol, 1 eq.), iodopyrazine (39 mg, 0.191 mmol, 1.1 eq.), Na₂CO₃ (100 mg, 0.520 mmol, 3 eq.) and a mixture dioxane/water (2.5 mL, 9/1) degassed with N₂. PdCl₂(dppf) (7 mg, 0.009 mmol, 0.05 eq.) is added, the vial is sealed and stirred at 90° C. overnight. The reaction mixture is filtered on celpure P65, washed with EtOAc. The filtrate is concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (eluting with DCM/MeOH 100/0 to 95/5) to afford the expected product. LCMS: MW (calcd): 449; m/z MW (obsd): 450 (M+H).

1.2.9.6. Method I6: Suzuki Reaction

G₈=Ar, HetAr

A vial is loaded with bromo derivative (1 eq.), boronic acid or boronic ester (1.3 to 2 eq.), Na₂CO₃ (3 eq.) and a mixture dioxane/water (9/1) degassed with N₂. PdCl₂(dppf) (0.05 to 0.2 eq.) is added, the vial is sealed and stirred at 90° C. for 3 h to 20 h. The reaction mixture is quenched with water and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers are washed with brine, dried (filtration over hydrophobic column or anhydrous MgSO₄), concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel or preparative HPLC to afford the expected compound.

Illustrative Synthesis of Cpd 281

A vial is loaded with Cpd 270 (100 mg, 0.223 mmol, 1 eq.), pyridine-4-boronic acid (55 mg, 0.445 mmol, 2 eq.), Na₂CO₃ (128 mg, 0.668 mmol, 3 eq.) and a mixture dioxane/water (2 mL, 9/1) degassed with N₂. PdCl₂(dppf) (36 mg, 0.045 mmol, 0.2 eq.) is added, the vial is sealed and stirred at 90° C. for 3 h. The reaction mixture is quenched with water and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers are washed with a saturated NaHCO₃ solution, brine, dried by filtration over hydrophobic column, concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (eluting with DCM/MeOH 100/0 to 94/6) to afford the expected product. LCMS: MW (calcd): 448; m/z MW (obsd): 449 (M+H).

Example 2. Preparation of the Compounds of the Invention 2.1. Methyl 2-[4-[3-[4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-4-yl]acetate (Cpd 182) and 2-[4-[3-[4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-4-yl]acetic acid (Cpd 183)

A vial is charged with Cpd 188 (1.61 g, 3.2 mmol, 1 eq.), dioxane (5 mL) and HCl 4N in dioxane (5 mL). The reaction is heated at 80° C. for 20 h, concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (eluting with DCM/EtOAc 60/40 to 10/90, then DCM/MeOH 90/10) to afford Cpd 182 (LCMS: MW (calcd): 457; m/z MW (obsd): 457-459 (M+H)) and Cpd 183 (LCMS: MW (calcd): 443; m/z MW (obsd): 443-445 (M+H)).

2.2. tert-butyl 2-[4-[3-[4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-4-yl]acetate (Cpd 188)

Step i) 4-[4-(3,5-Dichloro-phenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-4-oxo-butyric acid

A flask is charged with succinic anhydride (2.38 g, 24 mmol, 1.1 eq.) and 1-(3,5-dichloro-phenyl)-piperazine (5 g, 22 mmol, 1 eq.) and toluene (100 mL). The reaction mixture is heated at reflux overnight, concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (eluting with DCM/MeOH 100/0 to 80/20) to afford the carboxylic acid derivative.

Step ii) 6-[4-(3,5-Dichloro-phenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-3,6-dioxo-hexanoic acid tert-butyl ester

To a solution of the carboxylic acid obtained in the previous step (7.29 g, 22 mmol, 1 eq.) in DCM (125 mL) are added DMAP (0.537 g, 4.4 mmol, 0.2 eq.), EDC.HCl (5.06 g, 26.4 mmol, 1.2 eq.) and Et₃N (9.2 mL, 66 mmol, 3 eq). The reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. for 15 min then a solution of 2,2-dimethyl-[1,3]dioxane-4,6-dione (3.8 g, 26.4 mmol, 1.2 eq.) in DCM (25 mL) is added and the reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. overnight. DMAP (1 g) and EDC.HCl (1.5 g) are added and the RM is stirred at 40° C. for 2 h, concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (eluting with DCM/MeOH 100/0 to 90/10). The residue is taken up in toluene (100 mL) and t-BuOH (5.8 mL, 61 mmol) is added. The reaction mixture is heated at reflux for 4 h, concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (eluting with Hexanes/EtOAc 70/30 to 30/70) to afford the expected β-ketoester.

Step iii) tert-butyl 2-[4-[3-[4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-4-yl]acetate

Starting from the above β-ketoester, the expected product is obtained according to Method F. LCMS: MW (calcd): 499; m/z MW (obsd): 499-501 (M+H).

2.3. 2-[4-[3-[4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-4-yl]-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)acetamide (Cpd 189)

A vial is charged with Cpd 182 (150 mg, 0.32 mmol, 1 eq.), 2-amino-ethanol (193 μL, 3.2 mmol, 10 eq.) and EtOH (2 mL). The reaction mixture is heated at 160° C. for 1 h in microwave reactor, concentrated in vacuo and purified by preparative LCMS to afford the expected product. LCMS: MW (calcd): 486; m/z MW (obsd): 486-488 (M+H).

2.4. 5-[3-[4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(2-methylsulfonylethyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione (Cpd 218)

To a solution of Cpd 197 (40 mg, 0.084 mmol, 1 eq.) in DCM (2 mL) at 0° C. is added meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid (32 mg, 0.186 mmol, 2.2 eq.). The reaction mixture is stirred at 0° C. for 45 min then at r.t. for 24 h, quenched with a saturated NaHCO₃ solution, extracted with DCM. The combined organic layers are washed with brine, dried by filtration over hydrophobic column and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (eluting with DCM/MeOH 100/0 to 98/2) to afford the expected product. LCMS: MW (calcd): 505; m/z MW (obsd): 505-507 (M+H).

2.5. (5S)-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione (Cpd 255)

(S)-Hydantoin propionic acid (Int 163, 50 g, 0.24 mol, 1.1 eq.) is dissolved in DMF (360 mL). Amine hydrochloride (61 g, 0.21 mol, 1 eq.), DIPEA (148 mL, 0.84 mol, 4 eq., added through glass funnel over 2 min), EDC.HCl (45 g, 0.24 mol, 1.1 eq.) and HOBt hydrate (4.95 g, 0.032 mol, 0.15 eq.) are added and reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. for 18 h. Reaction mixture is poured into cold stirring water (1.8 L) and stirred for 45 min. A small precipitate is formed, filtered off through black ribbon. Filtrate is extracted with EtOAc (2×650 mL and 300 mL). Combined organic layers are washed with sat. aq. NaHCO₃ (2×800 mL and 500 mL), brine (2×500 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄ and concentrated in vacuo. This residue is purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (eluting with DCM/MeOH/NH₃ 100/0/0 to 90/5/0.5) to afford the desired compound.

Chiral HPLC: ee≥99.4%; Condition used to determine the enantiomeric excess are the following:

-   -   column: Chiralpak IC (250×4.6 mm), 5 μm, at room temperature     -   mobile phase: Heptane/Ethanol/DEA (70/30/0.1, v/v/v)     -   flow rate of 1 mL/min

2.7. 5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3S)-3-methyl-4-pyridazin-3-yl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione (Cpd 302)

To a solution of Cpd 285 (72 mg, 0.177 mmol, 1 eq.) in EtOH (3.7 mL) and DMF (0.7 mL) is added Et₃N (0.2 mL, 1.44 mmol, 8 eq.) and the reaction mixture is heated at 40° C. to increase solubility. Pd/C 10% (14 mg) is added and the reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. overnight and filtered. The filtrate is concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (DCM/MeOH 100/0 to 94/6) to afford the expected product. LCMS: MW (calcd): 372; m/z MW (obsd): 373 (M+H).

2.8. 5-[3-[(3S)-4-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-(1-methylazetidin-3-yl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione (Cpd 399)

To a suspension of Cpd 247 (55 mg, 0.13 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in MeCN (1 mL) is added a formaldehyde in water solution (37% wt, 37 μL, 0.51 mmol, 4.0 eq.) and the mixture is stirred at r.t. for 10 min. Sodium cyanoborohydride is added (16 mg, 0.25 mmol, 2.0 eq.) and the reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. for 1 h. Sodium triacetoxyborohydride is added (53 mg, 0.25 mmol, 2.0 eq.) and the reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. for 2 h. An aqueous NaHCO₃ solution (1 mL) is added and the mixture is concentrated to dryness. The residue is purified by flash chromatography on KP-NH type silica gel (eluting with DCM/MeOH 100/0 to 95/5) to afford the expected product. LCMS: MW (calcd): 449; m/z MW (obsd): 450 (M+H).

2.9. 2-[4-[3-[4-(4-chloro-3-methyl-phenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-4-yl]-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)acetamide (Cpd 402)

Step i) (4-{3-[4-(4-Chloro-3-methyl-phenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl}-2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-4-yl)-acetic acid

A flask is charged with Int 116 (30 mg, 0.06 mmol 1.0 eq.) and a solution of HCl in dioxane (4.0M, 630 μL, 40 mmol, 2.5 eq.). The reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. for 2 h, and then diluted with water and extracted 3 times with DCM. The combined organic layers are dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to afford the expected product. LCMS: MW (calcd): 422; m/z MW (obsd): 423 (M+H).

Step ii)

The carboxylic acid (18 mg, 0.04 mmol, 1.0 eq.) and 1-[bis(dimethylamino)methylene]-1H-1,2,3-triazolo-[4,5-b]pyridinium-3-oxide hexafluorophosphate (18 mg, 0.05 mmol, 1.1 eq.) are stirred in DMF (0.5 mL) at r.t. After 30 min, ethanolamine (2.6 μL, 0.04 mmol, 1.0 eq.) is added; the reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. for 2 h, then diluted with water and extracted 3 times with DCM. The combined organic layers are dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, concentrated in vacuo, and purified by preparative HPLC to afford the expected product. LCMS: MW (calcd): 465; m/z MW (obsd): 466 (M+H).

2.10. (5S)-5-[3-[4-(o-tolyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]-5-phenyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione (Cpd 027): Chiral Separation by Chiral HPLC

Cpd 007 is purified by chiral HPLC using the following conditions:

-   -   Column: Chiralpak AD 20 μm 250×21.7 mm,     -   Mobile phase: 100% EtOH,     -   Flow rate: 20 mL/min.

This purification affords the expected product as a single enantiomer.

2.11. (5S)-5-cyclopropyl-5-[(2S)-3-[(3S)-4-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione (Cpd 212): Chiral Separation by SFC

Cpd 191 is purified by SFC using the following conditions:

-   -   Instrument: Waters Thar SFC prep 100     -   Column: Chiralpak IA (30×250 mm), 5 μM     -   Mobile phase: Isocratic 25% iPrOH/DCM (80/20) and 75% CO₂.     -   Flow rate: 100 mL/min

Cpd 191 is dissolved in iPrOH (7 vol) and DCM (3 vol) (approximately 50 mg/mL), Injection volume 1500 μl which equates to loading of 75 mg on column per injection. This purification affords the expected product as a single enantiomer.

2.12. (5R)-5-[(2S)-3-[(3S)-4-(3-chloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione (Cpd 265): Chiral Separation by SFC

Cpd 405 is purified by SFC the following conditions:

-   -   Instrument: Waters Thar SFC prep 100     -   Column: Chiralpak IA (30×250 mm), 5 uM     -   Mobile phase: Isocratic 20% iPrOH and 80% CO₂,     -   Flow rate: 100 mL/min

Cpd 405 is dissolved in iPrOH (2 vol) and acetonitrile (1 vol) (approximately 4.5 mg/mL), Injection volume 1500 μL which equates to loading of 6.75 mg on column per injection. This purification affords the expected product Cpd 265 as a single enantiomer.

2.13. (S)-5-((S)-3-((S)-4-(3-chloro-4-fluorophenyl)-3-methylpiperazin-1-yl)-2-methyl-3-oxopropyl)-5-(methoxymethyl)imidazolidine-2,4-dione (Cpd 331): Chiral Separation by SFC

Cpd 406 is purified by SFC using the following conditions:

-   -   Instrument: Waters Thar SFC prep 100     -   Column: Chiralpak IA (20×250 mm), 5 uM     -   Mobile phase: Isocratic 35% EtOH and 65% CO₂.     -   Flowrate: 100 mL/min

Cpd 406 is dissolved in EtOH (70 mL) (approximately 20 mg/mL), Injection volume 1500 μL which equates to loading of 30 mg on column per injection, total number of stacks: 49. This purification affords the expected product Cpd 331 as a single enantiomer.

2.14. (S)-3-Methyl-4-(5-methyl-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl)-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester-Precursor of Int 237

Step i) (S)-4-Cyano-3-methyl-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester

(S)-3-Methyl-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (1 g, 4.99 mmol, 1 eq.) is suspended in acetonitrile (20 mL), K₂CO₃ (1.851 g, 13.4 mmol, 2.7 eq.) is added and the suspension is stirred for 10 min before the addition of BrCN (5.0M in acetonitrile, 1.248 mL, 6.24 mmol, 1.25 eq.). The reaction is stirred at r.t. for 3 h and filtered; the solid is washed with EtOAc and the filtrate is concentrated in vacuo to afford the expected cyano derivative. LCMS: MW (calcd): 225; m/z MW (obsd): 226 (M+H).

Step ii) (S)-4-(N-Hydroxycarbamimidoyl)-3-methyl-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester

To a solution of (S)-4-Cyano-3-methyl-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (500 mg, 2.22 nmol, 1 eq.) in EtOH (10 mL), hydroxylamine hydrochloride (261 mg, 3.75 mmol, 1.5 eq.) and Et₃N (869 μL, 6.25 mmol, 2.5 eq.) are added and reaction mixture is refluxed for 2 h concentrated in vacuo to afford the expected N-hydroxy amidine derivative used as such in the next reaction step.

Step iii) (S)-3-Methyl-4-(5-methyl-[1,2,4]oxadiazol-3-yl)-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester

Crude N-hydroxy amidine derivative (2.22 mmol, 1 eq.) is dissolved in pyridine (10 mL) and acetylchloride (266 μL, 3.75 mmol, 1.5 eq.) is added. Reaction mixture is stirred at 120° C. for 1 h, poured into water, extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers are washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to afford the expected product (precursor of Int 237). LCMS: MW (calcd): 282; m/z MW (obsd): 283 (M+H).

2.15. 4-Cyclopropyl-1-[4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-2-hydroxy-butane-1,4-dione (Int 053) and benzyl 2-(cyclopropanecarbonyl)-4-[4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-3-ethoxy-4-oxo-butanoate (Int 054)

Step i) 3-Cyclopropyl-3-oxo-propionic acid benzyl ester and [4-(3,5-Dichloro-phenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-oxo-acetaldehyde

A flask is charged with Meldrum's acid (50.3 g, 349 mmol, 1.0 eq.), DCM (300 mL) and pyridine (90 mL, 1.1 mol, 3.2 eq), and cooled in an ice bath. To the resulting solution, is added dropwise cyclopropane carbonyl chloride (35.0 mL, 386 mmol, 1.1 eq). After 2 h, the cold bath is removed. After 16 h, the mixture is combined with aqueous HCl (2N, 700 mL) and DCM (200 mL) in a separatory funnel and agitated. The organic phase is collected and washed with aqueous HCl (2N) (500 mL), brine (500 mL), and dried over MgSO₄ and activated charcoal. After filtration, volatiles are removed via rotary evaporation. The residue is combined with toluene (100 mL) and benzyl alcohol (37 mL, 356 mmol, 1.02 eq) in a round bottomed flask equipped with a reflux condenser, and heated at reflux. After 16 h, the mixture is allowed to cool to room temperature. Volatiles are removed via rotary evaporation to give the crude product.

Step ii) 4-Cyclopropyl-1-[4-(3,5-dichloro-phenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-2-hydroxy-butane-1,4-dione and 2-Cyclopropanecarbonyl-4-[4-(3,5-dichloro-phenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-3-ethoxy-4-oxo-butyric acid benzyl ester

A vial is charged with Int 149 (127 mg, 0.44 mmol, 1.0 eq), the β-keto ester from step i) (189 mg, 0.90 mmol, 2.0 eq), and DCM (2 mL). After 16 h, volatiles are removed via rotary evaporation. The residue is combined with Pd(OH)₂/C (20%) (81 mg, 0.12 mmol, 0.26 eq), ethanol (8 mL), and cyclohexene (2.0 mL, 20 mmol, 45eq.) in a round bottomed flask, and heated at reflux. After 1 h, the mixture is filtered through a plug of clarcel on a fritted funnel. Volatiles are removed via rotary evaporation. The residue is charged onto a column of silica gel and eluted with EtOAc/DCM (1:9), to afford compound Int 053.

By-product Int 054 is obtained when step iv) is done in higher scale and concentration:

A round bottom flask is charged with the aldehyde synthesized in step iii) (3.72 g, 12.9 mmol, 1.0 eq), the β-keto ester from step i) (7.10 g, 32.5 mmol, 2.5 eq), and DCM (10 mL) and left open to the air. After 16 h, volatiles were removed via rotary evaporation. The residue is combined with Pd(OH)₂/C (10%) (2.06 g, 1.47 mmol, 0.11 eq), ethanol (100 mL), and cyclohexene (25 mL, 250 mmol, 19 eq.) in a round bottomed flask, and heated at reflux for 16 h, and then allowed to cool to room temperature. The mixture is filtered through filter paper, and volatiles are removed via rotary evaporation. The residue is charged onto a column of silica gel and eluted with EtOAc/DCM (1/20), to afford Int 054 (3.55 g).

2.16. 4-Cyclopropyl-1-[4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-2-methoxy-butane-1,4-dione (Int 056)

Step i) 2-Cyclopropanecarbonyl-4-[4-(3,5-dichloro-phenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-3-methoxy-4-oxo-butyric acid benzyl ester

A flask is charged with Int 054 (289 mg, 0.54 mmol, 1.0 eq.), and MeOH (8 mL), and heated at 60° C. After 16 h, volatiles are removed from the filtrate via rotary evaporation. The residue is charged onto a column of silica gel, and eluted with EtOAc/DCM (1:20) to afford the expected intermediate.

Step ii) 4-Cyclopropyl-1-[4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-2-methoxy-butane-1,4-dione (Int 056)

The intermediate from step i) is stirred with MeOH (20 mL), Pd(OH)₂/C (10%) (45 mg, 0.032 mmol, 0.10 eq), and cyclohexene (4 mL, 39.5 mmol, 120 eq.) in a round bottom flask, and heated to reflux. After 2 h, the mixture is filtered through filter paper. Volatiles are removed from the filtrate via rotary evaporation. The residue is charged onto a column of silica gel, and eluted with EtOAc/DCM (1:9) to afford Int 056.

2.17. 6-tert-butoxy-4,6-dioxo-hexanoic acid (Int 129)

A solution of n-Butyl lithium (1.6M in hexane) (25 mL, 40 mmol, 2.0 eq) is added at 0° C. to a stirred solution of 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexamethyldisilazane (8.5 mL, 41 mmol, 2.04 eq) in anhydrous THF (17 mL). After cooling to −78° C., tertbutyl acetate (5.44 mL, 40 mmol, 2.0 eq) is added within 20 min to the solution and stirring is continued for 45 min. The resulting α-lithio acetic ester solution is added dropwise over 30 minutes to a solution of succinic anhydride (2 g, 20 mmol, 1.0 eq) in THF (24 mL). The resulting mixture is stirred for 3 h in a methanol/dry ice bath while the temperature is allowed to increase to −20° C.

The reaction mixture is warmed up to room temperature, then concentrated HCl (4 mL) and water (25 mL) are added. The organic solvent is evaporated, and the resulting aqueous solution is adjusted to pH=2, and extraction with ethyl acetate followed. Organic layers are combined, dried over Na₂SO₄, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure to give the expected product (used in the next step without further purification).

2.18. tert-butyl 2-(benzyloxymethyl)-4-oxo-pentanoate (Int 137)

To a solution of Int 138 (530 mg, 2.24 mmol, 1 eq.) in toluene (7 mL) is added N,N-dimethylformamide di-tert-butyl acetal (2.69 mL, 11.2 mmol, 5 eq.). Reaction mixture is heated at 100° C. in a sealed tube for 4.5 h, quenched by addition of a saturated NaHCO₃ solution at 0° C., extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers are washed with saturated NaHCO₃ solution, brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (Heptane/EtOAc 100/0 to 60/40) to afford the expected product. LCMS: MW (calcd): 292; m/z MW (obsd): 315 (M+Na)

2.19. (S)-4-(3,5-Difluoro-phenyl)-3-methyl-piper azine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (Int 110)

A mixture of γ-ketoester 4-Cyclopropyl-4-oxo-butyric acid tert-butyl ester (120 g, 605 mmol. 1 eq.), (NH₄)₂CO₃ (494 g, 5.15 mol, 8.5 eq.), NaCN (60 g, 1.45 mol, 2.4 eq.), H₂O (600 mL) and ethanol (600 mL) is heated at 60° C. for 18 h in the sealed reactor. The reaction mixture is poured in a mixture of EtOAc (900 mL) and water (900 mL), and the aqueous layer is additionally extracted with EtOAc (3×600 mL). The organic layer is concentrated until only about 100 mL EtOAc left, and added 500 mL petroleum ether dropwise to afford the expected hydantoin derivative Int 110.

2.20. tert-butyl N-[6-[4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-5-methyl-3,6-dioxo-hexyl]carbamate (Int 150)

Step i) 6-Amino-1-[4-(3,5-dichloro-phenyl)-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-hexane-1,4-dione

To a solution of Int 021 (341 mg, 0.68 mmol, 1.0 eq) in ethanol (27 mL) is added methylamine (40% in water) (845 μL). Stirring is then kept at room temperature overnight. The organic solvent is then removed under reduced pressure, and the aqeuous residue is diluted with water and K₂CO₃ (10%), and extracted with ethyl acetate several times. The combined organic layer is washed with water and brine, before being dried, filtered, and concentrated under reduced pressure, to afford crude compound used directly in the next step.

Step ii) tert-butyl N-[6-[4-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)piperazin-1-yl]-5-methyl-3,6-dioxo-hexyl]carbamate (Int 150)

The crude from step i) is stirred in THF/MeOH (1/1) (14 mL). Di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (445 mg, 2.04 mmol, 3 eq) is added, and the mixture is stirred under reflux for 18 h. The organic solvents are removed, and the crude is purified by flash chromatography (DCM/Et₂O 100/0 to 0/100 and then DCM/MeOH 100/0 to 90/10) to afford the expected intermediate. LCMS: MW (calcd): 472; m/z MW (obsd): 472-474-476 (M+H).

2.21. tert-butyl 2-methyl-4-oxo-butanoate (Int 153)

A three neck flask is charged with a solution of alkene Int 148 (6.3 g, 37 mmol, 1 eq.) and suddan III (cat.) in DCM and cooled at −78° C. O₃ is bubbled trough the reaction mixture until the color became deep blue. The reaction mixture is purged with N₂ for 30 min, Me₂S is added and the reaction mixture is allowed to warm to r.t. overnight. The reaction mixture is washed with water and brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by flash chromatography on silica gel (Heptane/EtOAc 100/0 to 80/20) affords the expected product.

2.22. 2-methoxy-4-methyl-pent-4-enoic acid (Int 154)

Step i) Methoxy-acetic acid 2-methyl-allyl ester

To a solution of methoxy-acetic acid (15.54 g, 173 mmol, 1.1 eq.) and 2-methyl-prop-2-en-1-ol (14.5 mL, 172 mmol, 1 eq.) in pyridine (100 mL) at 0° C., is added p-toluenesulfonyl chloride (33.08 g, 173 mmol, 1 eq.). After 1 h, the cold bath is removed and the reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. overnight. The reaction mixture is concentrated in vacuo and combined with a EtOAc and a saturated NaHCO₃ solution is added. The organic layer is collected, washed with a solution of HCl 1N, water, brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to afford the expected ester used as such in next step. LCMS: MW (calcd): 144; m/z MW (obsd): 145 (M+H); 167 (M+Na)

Step ii) 2-methoxy-4-methyl-pent-4-enoic acid (Int 154)

To a solution of the ester (1 g, 6.94 mmol, 1 eq.) in dry Et₂O (10 mL) is added Et₃N (1 mL, 7.17 mmol, 1.03 eq.) and trimethylsilyl trifluoromethanesulfonate (1.3 mL, 7.18 mmol, 1.03 eq.). The reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. overnight, a solution of K₂CO₃ (5.45 g, 39.4 mmol, 5.68 eq.) in water (20 mL) is added. After 30 min, the reaction mixture is combined with Et₂O, the aqueous layer is collected, cooled in an ice bath and the pH adjusted to pH=2 with H₃PO₄ (85%). The solution is saturated with NaCl and extracted with Et₂O. The combined organic layers are dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated in vacuo to afford the expected product used as such in next step. LCMS: MW (calcd): 144; m/z MW (obsd): 143 (M−H).

2.23. 3-(4-cyclopropyl-2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-4-yl)propanoic acid (Int 162), and 3-[(4S)-4-cyclopropyl-2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-4-yl]propanoic acid (Int 163)

Step i) 3-(4-cyclopropyl-2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-4-yl)propanoic acid (Int 162)

A flask is charged with a solution of hydantoin (200 g, 746 mmol, 1 eq.) in dioxane (100 mL) and is cooled in an ice bath, HCl 6N in dioxane (1 L) is added slowly. The reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. for 4 h and concentrated in vacuo. The resulting solid is suspended in 240 mL of acetonitrile, then stirred at reflux for 1 h, and allowed to cool down to r.t. under stirring. The resulting solid is separated by filtration, washed twice with acetonitrile (2×30 mL), and finally dried under vacuum at 45° C. to afford the expected carboxylic acid.

Step ii) 3-[(4S)-4-cyclopropyl-2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-4-yl]propanoic acid (Int 163)

The racemic hydantoin propionic acid is separated by SFC to afford a fast eluting isomer ((R)-enantiomer) and a slow eluting isomer ((S)-enantiomer).

The purification is done in 2 stages.

Conditions of the first separation: preparative SFC, Column: ChiralPak AD-10 μm. 300×50 mmI.D., Mobile phase: A for CO₂ and B for Ethanol, Gradient: B 45%, Flow rate: 200 mL/min, Back pressure: 100 bar, Column temperature: 38° C., Wavelength: 220 nm, Cycletime: ˜10.0 min. The compound is dissolved in methanol to ˜120 mg/mL, and loaded on the column (16 mL per injection). After separation, the fractions are dried off via rotary evaporator to get the desired isomers.

Conditions of the second separation: Prep HPLC, Column: C18, 250×50 mm I.D., Mobile phase: A for H₂O and B for Acetonitrile, Gradient: B 5%-20% in 15 min linearly, Flow rate: 80 mL/min, Wavelength: 220 nm. The compound is dissolved in methanol (˜100 mg/mL) and loaded on the column (10 mL per injection). After separation, the fraction is concentrated via rotary evaporator and the remaining aqueous layer is lyophilized.

2.24. 4-cyclopropyl-2-methyl-4-oxo-butanoic acid (Int 155)

Step i) 3-Cyclopropyl-3-oxo-propionic acid ethyl ester

To a solution of Meldrum's acid (2,2-dimethyl-[1,3]dioxane-4,6-dione, 50.10 g, 0.347 mol, 1 eq.) in DCM (500 mL) and pyridine (90 mL, 1.11 mol, 3.2 eq.) at 0° C., cyclopropanecarbonyl chloride (35 mL, 0.386 mol, 1.1 eq.) is added dropwise. After 2 h, the cold bath is removed and the reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. overnight and combined with a solution of HCl 2N. The organic layer is collected, washed with brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered over activated charcoal and concentrated in vacuo. This residue is taken up in ethanol (300 mL) and stirred at reflux overnight, concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (Heptane/EtOAc 80/20) to afford the expected β-ketoester. LCMS: MW (calcd): 156; m/z MW (obsd): 157 (M+H); 179 (M+Na)

Step ii) 2-Cyclopropanecarbonyl-3-methyl-succinic acid 4-tert-butyl ester 1-ethyl ester

To a solution of the β-ketoester (16.09 g, 0.103 mol, 1 eq.) in MEK (200 mL) are added K₂CO₃ (28.56 g, 0.207 mol, 2 eq.), NaI (1.65 g, 0.011 mol, 0.1 eq.) and 2-Bromo-propionic acid tert-butyl ester (18 mL, 0.108 mol, 1.04 eq.). The reaction mixture is heated at reflux for 40 h and cooled to r.t. Water is added, reaction mixture acidified to pH 8 and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers are washed with water and brine, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to afford the expected γ-ketoester used as such in next step. LCMS: MW (calcd): 284; m/z MW (obsd): 307 (M+Na)

Step iii) 4-cyclopropyl-2-methyl-4-oxo-butanoic acid (Int 155)

To a solution of the γ-ketoester (29.2 g, 0.103 mol, 1 eq.) in EtOH (100 mL) is added a solution of NaOH (12.6 g, 0.315 mol, 3 eq.) in water (100 mL). The reaction mixture is heated at reflux for 16 h, cooled to r.t., diluted with water (500 mL) and cooled in an ice bath. To this is added dropwise H₃PO₄ (85%, 4 mL, 0.059 mol) and cone. HCl (24 mL, 0.288 mol), the ice bath is removed and reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. for 30 min. The reaction mixture is cooled in an ice bath and a solution of NaOH (17 g, 0.425 mol) in water (50 mL) is added to adjust the pH to 8. The solution is combined with DCM, the aqueous layer is collected, cooled in an ice bath and the pH adjusted to pH=2 with cone. HCl. The solution is saturated with NaCl and extracted with DCM. The combined organic layers are dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated in vacuo to afford the expected product. LCMS: MW (calcd): 156; m/z MW (obsd): 157 (M+H); 179 (M+Na).

2.25. 3-[(4R)-4-methyl-2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-4-yl]propanoic acid (Int 172)

The racemic 3-(4-Methyl-2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-4-yl)propionic acid (805 g) is separated by SFC to afford 384 g of the faster eluting isomer and 388 g of the slower eluting isomer. Conditions of the separation: Instrument: Thar350 preparative SFC, Column: ChiralPak AD-10 μm. 300×50 mmI.D., Mobile phase: A for CO₂ and B for iPrOH (0.1% TFA), Gradient: B 25%, Flow rate: 220 mL/min, Back pressure: 100 bar, Column temperature: 38° C., Wavelength: 210 nm, Cycletime: ˜3.8 min, Sample preparation: Compound is dissolved in methanol to ˜80 mg/mL, Injection: 1.0 mL per injection, Work up: After separation, the fractions are dried off via rotary evaporator at bath temperature 40° C. to get the desired isomers.

2.26. 5-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-4-oxo-pentanoic acid (Int 173)

Step i) 5-Amino-4-oxo-pentanoic acid methyl ester

To a solution of 5-amino-4-oxo-pentanoic acid hydrochloride (0.5 g, 2.98 mmol, 1 eq.) in MeOH (3 mL) at 0° C. is added thionyl chloride (0.7 mL, 8.95 mmol, 3 eq.). The reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. overnight and concentrated in vacuo to afford the expected methyl ester (hydrochloride salt) used as such in next step.

Step ii) 5-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-4-oxo-pentanoic acid methyl ester

To a solution of the methyl ester (0.54 g, 2.98 mmol, 1 eq.) and di-tert-butyl dicarbonate (1.3 g, 5.97 mmol, 2 eq.) in dry DMF (5 mL) at 0° C. is added Et₃N (0.8 mL, 5.97 mmol, 2 eq.). Reaction mixture is stirred at 0° C. for 2 h then at r.t. overnight, concentrated in vacuo. The residue is taken up in water, extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers are dried by filtration over hydrophobic column and concentrated in vacuo to afford the expected NBoc derivative.

Step iii) 5-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-4-oxo-pentanoic acid (Int 173)

To a solution of the methyl ester (0.495 g, 2.02 mmol, 1 eq.) in THF (4 mL) is added a solution of LiOH 1M (4 mL, 4 mmol, 2 eq.). Reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. for 3 h, neutralised to pH 5 and concentrated in vacuo (toluene azeotrope) to afford the expected product used as such in next step.

2.27. 5-methoxy-4-oxo-pentanoic acid (Int 177)

Step i) 5-Methoxy-4-oxo-pentanoic acid methyl ester

To a solution of iodosylbenzene (4.75 g, 21.6 mmol, 1.5 eq.) in DCM (200 mL) at 0° C. under N₂ atmosphere is added pent-4-ynoic acid (1.41 g, 14.4 mmol, 1 eq.) portionwise. BF₃.OEt (3.65 mL, 28.8 mmol, 2 eq.) is added dropwise and the reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. for 30 min. The resulting precipitate is separated by filtration, and dried under N₂. MeOH (100 mL) is added, the reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. overnight, concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (Hexanes/EtOAc 700/30 to 400/60) to afford the expected methoxy methyl ester derivative used as such in the next step.

Step ii) 5-methoxy-4-oxo-pentanoic acid (Int 1 77)

A solution of the methyl ester (500 mg, 3.1 mmol, 1 eq.) and NaOH (625 mg, 15 mmol, 5 eq.) in THF (6.6 mL), water (4.4 mL) and MeOH (11 mL) is stirred at r.t. for 2 h. Then the pH is adjusted to 3.3 with cone. HCl. Reaction mixture is extracted with EtOAc, the combined organic layers are dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to afford the expected product used as such in next step.

2.28. 5-(2-methoxyethoxy)-2-methyl-4-oxo-pentanoic acid (Int 185)

Step i) 4-(2-Methoxy-ethoxy)-3-oxo-butyric acid ethyl ester

To a solution of monoethyl malonic acid (5.9 mL, 50 mmol, 1.25 eq.) in dry THF (200 mL), is added magnesium ethoxide (2.86 g, 25 mmol, 0.625 eq.). The reaction mixture is stirred for 1.5 h and concentrated in vacuo. In another flask, CDI (7.13 g, 44 mmol, 1.1 eq.) is added to a solution of (2-methoxy-ethoxy)-acetic acid (4.6 mL, 40 mmol, 1 eq.) in THF (200 mL). After 4 h at r.t., this reaction mixture is added to the magnesium salt prepared above. This new mixture is heated at reflux for 4 h, stirred at r.t. for 2 days and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is taken up in water and EtOAc, a solution of HCl 0.5N is added, the organic layer is collected, dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by flash chromatography on silica gel (Heptane/EtOAc 100/0 to 50/50) affords the expected β-ketoester. LCMS: MW (calcd): 204; m/z MW (obsd): 205 (M+H); 227 (M+Na)

Step ii) 2-[2-(2-Methoxy-ethoxy)-acetyl]-3-methyl-succinic acid 4-tert-butyl ester 1-ethyl ester

To a solution of the β-ketoester (3 g, 14.7 mmol, 1 eq.) in MEK (60 mL) are added K₂CO₃ (4.1 g, 29.5 mmol, 2 eq.), KI (0.32 g, 1.5 mmol, 0.1 eq.) and 2-bromo-propionic acid tert-butyl ester (2.4 mL, 14.7 mmol, 1 eq.). The reaction mixture is heated at reflux overnight and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is taken up in water and EtOAc, extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers are dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (Heptane/EtOAc 100/0 to 0/100) to afford the expected γ-ketoester. LCMS: MW (calcd): 332; m/z MW (obsd): 333 (M+H), 355 (M+Na).

Step iii)

To a solution of the γ-ketoester (332 mg, 1 mmol, 1 eq.) in EtOH (1.5 mL) is added a solution of NaOH 2N (1.5 mL). Reaction mixture is heated at reflux for 16 h, cooled to r.t., diluted with water (2 mL) and cooled in an ice bath. To this is added dropwise H₃PO₄ (85%, 16 μL) and cone. HCl (180 μL), the ice bath is removed and reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. for 30 min. The reaction mixture is cooled in an ice bath, a solution of NaOH 2N is added to adjust the pH to 8. The solution is combined with DCM, the aqueous layer is collected, cooled in an ice bath and the pH adjusted to pH=2 with cone. HCl. The solution is saturated with NaCl and extracted with DCM. The combined organic layers are dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated in vacuo to afford the expected product. LCMS: MW (calcd): 248; m/z MW (obsd): 249 (M+H); 271 (M+Na).

2.29. 4-[4-(2-dimethylaminoethyloxy)phenyl]-4-oxo-butanoic acid (Int 189)

Step i)

To a solution of 4-(4-fluoro-phenyl)-4-oxo-butyric acid (1 g, 5.1 mmol, 1 eq.) in DMA (20 mL) are added 2-dimethylamino-ethanol (1.02 mL, 10.2 mmol, 2 eq.) and KOH (1.43 g, 25.5 mmol, 5 eq.). Reaction mixture is heated at 120° C. for 1 h, 2-dimethylamino-ethanol (1.02 mL, 2 eq.) is added, heating is pursued for 2 h, 2-dimethylamino-ethanol (4.08 mL, 8 eq.) is added, heating is pursued for 3 h. A solution of 2N HCl is added and reaction mixture is extracted with EtOAc and n-BuOH. The combined organic layers are washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is taken up in MeOH and the precipitate is filtered. Analysis of the precipitate shows a mixture of expected carboxylic acid contaminated with methyl ester and n-butyl ester. The mixture is used as such for next step. LCMS: MW (calcd): 265 (R═H); 279 (R=Me); 321 (R=n-Bu); m/z MW (obsd): 266 (M+H, R═H), 280 (M+H, R=Me), 322 (M+H, R=n-Bu).

Step ii)

To a solution of the above mixture of carboxylic acid, methyl ester and n-butyl ester in MeOH (100 mL) is added cone. HCl (4 mL). Reaction mixture is heated at 70° C. overnight and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is taken up with saturated NaHCO₃ solution, extracted with EtOAc, the combined organic layers are washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. Purification by flash chromatography on silica gel (DCM/MeOH 100/0 to 80/20) affords the expected methyl ester derivative. LCMS: MW (calcd): 279; m/z MW (obsd): 280 (M+H).

Step iii)

To a solution of the methyl ester (535 mg, 1.92 mmol, 1 eq.) in MeOH (16 mL) is added a solution of NaOH 2N (1.15 mL, 2.3 mmol, 1.2 eq.). Reaction mixture is heated at 70° C. for 2 h and concentrated in vacuo to afford the expected product used as such in next step. LCMS: MW (calcd): 265; m/z MW (obsd): 266 (M+H).

2.30. 6-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2-methyl-4-oxo-hexanoic acid (Int 191

Step i) 5-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-3-oxo-pentanoic acid ethyl ester

To a solution of 3-tert-butoxycarbonylamino-propionic acid (1 g, 5.29 mmol, 1 eq.) in DCM (30 mL) at 0° C. under N₂ atmosphere are added portionwise DMAP (969 mg, 7.93 mmol, 1.5 eq.) and 2,2-dimethyl-[1,3]dioxane-4,6-dione (838 mg, 5.81 mmol, 1.1 eq.) and finally EDC.HCl (1.22 g, 6.34 mmol, 1.2 eq.). The reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. overnight, diluted with DCM and washed with a solution of KHSO₄ 5%, brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. This residue is taken up in dry Ethanol (20 mL) and the reaction mixture is stirred at reflux overnight, concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (eluting with DCM/EtOAc 100/0 to 50/50) to afford the expected β-ketoester. LCMS: MW (calcd): 259; m/z MW (obsd): 282 (M+Na).

Step ii) 2-(3-tert-Butoxycarbonylamino-propionyl)-3-methyl-succinic acid 4-tert-butyl ester 1-ethyl ester

To a solution of the β-ketoester (919 mg, 3.54 mmol, 1 eq.) in MEK are added K₂CO₃ (980 mg, 7.09 mmol, 2 eq.), NaI (53 mg, 0.35 mmol, 0.1 eq.) and 2-bromo-propionic acid tert-butyl ester (588 μL, 3.54 mmol, 1 eq.). The reaction mixture is stirred at 95° C. for 24 h and cooled to r.t. Water is added, reaction mixture acidified to pH 8 and extracted with EtOAc. The combined organic layers are washed with water and brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (eluting with heptane/EtOAc 100/0 to 80/20) to afford the expected γ-ketoester. LCMS: MW (calcd): 387; m/z MW (obsd): 388 (M+H).

Step iii) 6-(tert-butoxycarbonylamino)-2-methyl-4-oxo-hexanoic acid (Int 191)

To a solution of the γ-ketoester (1.2 g, 3.1 mmol, 1 eq.) in EtOH (4.7 mL) is added a solution of NaOH 2N (4.65 mL, 9.29 mmol, 3 eq.). The reaction mixture is heated at reflux for 16 h, cooled to r.t, diluted with water (500 mL) and cooled in an ice bath. To this is added dropwise H₃PO₄ (85%, 48 μL) and cone. HCl (3.4 mL), the ice bath is removed and reaction mixture stirred at r.t. for 2 days. The reaction mixture is cooled in an ice bath, a solution of NaOH 2N is added to adjust the pH to 8. The solution is combined with DCM, the aqueous layer is collected, cooled in an ice bath and the pH adjusted to pH=3-4 with HCl 2N. The solution is extracted with DCM. The combined organic layers are dried over anhydrous MgSO₄, filtered, concentrated in vacuo to afford the expected product. LCMS: MW (calcd): 259; m/z MW (obsd): 260 (M+H).

2.31. 3-methyl-5-[(2S)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl]-1,2,4-oxadiazole (Int 238)

Step i) (S)-4-Cyano-3-methyl-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester

Same as 2.13, step i)

Step ii) 3-methyl-5-[(2S)-2-methylpiperazin-1-yl]-1,2,4-oxadiazole (Int 238)

To a solution of (S)-4-cyano-3-methyl-piperazine-1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester (617 mg, 2.74 nmol, 1 eq.) and N-hydroxy-acetamidine (304 mg, 4.11 mmol, 1.5 eq.) in THF (10 mL) and EtOAc (10 mL) under argon, is slowly added ZnCl₂ (1M in Et₂O, 6.85 mL, 6.85 mmol, 2.5eq.) and the reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. for 3 h and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is dissolved in ethanol (20 mL) and cone. HCl is added (2.5 mL). The resulting solution is stirred at 100° C. for 4 h, cooled and concentrated in vacuo. The residue is dissolved in water and pH adjusted to 12 with 2M NaOH. The white precipitate is filtered off and the water filtrate extracted with 10% MeOH in DCM. The combined organic layers are evaporated in vacuo to afford the expected product. LCMS: MW (calcd): 182; m/z MW (obsd): 183 (M+H).

2.32. 5-bromo-2-chloro-N,N-dimethyl-aniline (Int 285)

1-bromo-4-chloro-3-fluoro-benzene (367 μL, 3.0 mmol, 1.0 eq.), dimethylamine hydrochloride (489 mg, 6.0 mmol, 2.0 eq.) and DIPEA (1.6 mL, 9.0 mmol, 3.0 eq.) are heated in DMA (5 mL) in a sealed microwave vial at 115° C. for 18 h, then 125° C. for 2 days. Dimethylamine hydrochloride (400 mg, 4.9 mmol, 1.6 eq.) is added to the reaction mixture and the vial is heated at 130° C. for 2 days. The reaction mixture is then poured into water and brine. The aqueous layer is extracted 3 times with EtOAc. The combined organic phases are washed successively with water and brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel to afford the expected product. LCMS: MW (calcd): 233; m/z MW (obsd): 234-236 (M+H).

2.33. N-(5-bromo-2-chloro-phenyl)-N-methyl-acetamide (Int 286)

Step i) N-(5-Bromo-2-chloro-phenyl)-acetamide

To a solution of 3-bromo-6-chloroaniline (2.0 g, 9.7 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in DCM (30 mL) is added acetic anhydride (1.1 mL, 11.6 mmol, 1.2 eq.). The reaction mixture is stirred at r.t. for 22 h. The reaction mixture is washed successively with water and a saturated NaHCO₃ solution. The organic layer is dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo. The crude residue is stirred in DCM and Et₂O is added. The resulting suspension is filtered and the solid is dried under suction to afford the expected acetamide. MW (calcd): 247; m/z MW (obsd): 248-250 (M+H).

Step ii) N-(5-bromo-2-chloro-phenyl)-N-methyl-acetamide (Int 286)

To a solution of 3-bromo-6-chloroacetanilide (1.53 g, 6.2 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in DMF (17 mL) is added sodium hydride (322 mg, 8.1 mmol, 1.3 eq.) under nitrogen atmosphere. After 10 min stirring at r.t., methyl iodide (502 μL, 8.1 mmol, 1.3 eq.) is added. The reaction mixture is allowed to stir at r.t. under nitrogen atmosphere for 18 h. The mixture is poured into water and brine and extracted 3 times with EtOAc. The combined organic phases are washed successively with water and brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel to afford the expected product. LCMS: MW (calcd): 261; m/z MW (obsd): 262-264 (M+H).

2.34. 1-bromo-3-chloro-5-fluoro-2-methyl-benzene (Int 287)

Sulfuric acid (0.9 mL) and NBS (1.0 g, 6.0 mmol, 1.2 eq.) are added to a solution of 2-chloro-4-fluorotoluene (604 μL, 5.0 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in TFA (3 mL). The reaction mixture is allowed to stir at r.t. for 18 h. The reaction is quenched with brine at 0° C., then extracted twice with DCM. The combined organic phases are washed with brine, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, concentrated in vacuo and purified by flash chromatography on silica gel to afford the expected product as a mixture, which is used as such in the next step.

2.35. 4-Cyclo propyl-4-oxo-butyric acid tert-butyl ester (Int 290)

A solution of LDA (3.0 L, 5.98 mol, 1.17 eq.) in THF (2.5 L) is cooled to −78° C. A solution of 1-cyclopropylethanone (460 g, 5.11 mol, 1 eq.) in THF (0.5 L) is added dropwise, then warmed to −20° C. and stirred for 30 min. The reaction mixture is cooled to −78° C. and tert-butyl bromoacetate (997 g, 5.11 mol, 1 eq.) in THF (0.5 L) is added slowly. The reaction is stirred at 0° C. overnight, quenched with saturated NH₄Cl aq. (3.3 L), extracted with EtOAc (0.5 L×3), washed with water (0.5 L×2), saturated NH₄Cl aq. (1 L), and brine (1 L), dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄. Purification by distillation under reduced pressure (5 mbar, 95° C.) affords the expected γ-ketoester.

2.36. 5-cyclopropyl-5-[3-[(3S)-3-methyl-4-pyridazin-3-yl-piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo-propyl]imidazolidine-2,4-dione (Cpd 302)

To a suspension of Cpd 285 (72 mg, 0.177 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in EtOH (1.7 mL) and DMF (0.7 mL) is added Et₃N (0.2 mL, 1.44 mmol, 8 eq.). The mixture is heated at 40-50° C. and Pd/C (14 mg) is added. The reaction mixture is stirred at room temperature for 21 horns. The mixture is filtered through diatonite and evaporated under vacuum. The crude residue is purified by flash chromatography on silica gel to afford the expected product.

2.37. Int 317

Step i)

A vial is charged with 1,6-dioxaspiro[4.4]nonane-2,7-dione (47.4 mg, 0.30 mmol, 1 eq), Int 313 (79 mg, 0.29 mmol, 0.95 eq), dry dioxane (2 mL), and triethyl amine (0.2 mL, 1.4 mmol, 4.7 eq). After 16 h, the mixture is combined with DCM (100 mL) and aqueous H₃PO₄/NaH₂PO₄ (1M, 100 mL) in a separation funnel. The organic phase is collected, washed with brine (100 mL), and dried over MgSO₄. After filtration, volatiles are removed via rotary evaporation to give the expected product which is used in the following step without further purification.

Step ii)

A pressure vessel is charged with the acid synthesized in step i) (0.92 mol), DCM (10 mL), and cooled in a NaCl/ice bath (−20° C.). Isobutene (3.06 g, 54.5 mmol, 59 eq) is condensed into the cold solution, and concentrated H₂SO₄ (0.1 mL, 1.8 mmol, 2.0 eq) is added. The vessel is hermetically sealed, and then the cold bath is removed. After 16 h, the vessel is cooled in a NaCl/ice bath (−20° C.), and opened. Et₃N (1.0 mL, 7.2 mmol, 7.8 eq) is added, and the cold bath is removed. Once all volatiles had evaporated, the mixture is combined with H₂O (100 mL) and DCM (100 mL) in a separatory funnel, and agitated. The organic phase is collected, washed with brine (100 mL) and dried over MgSO₄. After filtration, volatiles are removed from the filtrate via rotary evaporation. The residue is purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (EtOAc/DCM 1:4), to afford the expected compound Int 317.

2.38. Int 318

Step i)

Sodium tetraborohydride (345 mg, 9.1 mmol, 2.0 eq.) is added portionwise to a solution of 5-bromo-2-chloro-benzaldehyde (1.0 g, 4.6 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in EtOH (12.5 mL). The reaction mixture is allowed to stir at r.t. for 40 min. Water and EtOAc are added and the reaction mixture is extracted 3 times with EtOAc. The organic phases are combined, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered and concentrated in vacuo to afford the expected intermediate.

Step ii)

Diethylaminosulfur trifluoride (393 μL, 2.7 mmol, 2.0 eq.) is added slowly to a solution of 5-bromo-2-chlorobenzyl alcohol (200 mg, 1.4 mmol, 1.0 eq.) in DCM (2 mL) at 0° C. The reaction mixture is allowed to warm to r.t. for 1 h45. The reaction mixture is concentrated to dryness and taken up in DCM. A saturated NaHCO₃ solution is cautiously added and the layers are separated. The combined organic layers are washed 3 times with water, dried over anhydrous Na₂SO₄, filtered, concentrated in vacuo to afford the expected product which is used as such in the next step.

2.39. Cpd 471

A flask is charged with Int 315 (28 mg, 0.06 mmol, 1.0 eq.) and a solution of HCl in dioxane (4N) (1 mL) is added, and stirring is kept at room temperature for 3 h. Reaction mixture is diluted with water, a solution of NaHCO₃ is added and extracted with DCM. Organic layers are combined and evaporated under reduced pressure to obtain crude product which is purified by flash chromatography on silica gel (DCM/MeOH 100/0 to 92/8) to afford the expected carboxylic acid. LCMS: MW (calcd): 450; m/z MW (obsd): 451-453 (M+H).

2.40. Cpd 477

A flask is charged with Cpd 475 (68 mg, 0.013 mmol, 1.0 eq.) and a solution of HCl in dioxane (4.0M, 10 mL, 40 mmol, 300 eq.). The flask is capped with an oil bubbler and slowly flushed with a stream of N₂. After 64 h, volatiles are removed via rotary evaporation, and the residue is dissolved in a solution of HCl in dioxane (4.0M, 10 mL, 40 mmol, 300 eq.). The reaction mixture is allowed to stir at r.t. for 40 h. Volatiles are removed via rotary evaporation. The residue is dissolved in DMSO and purified by preparative LC-MS to afford the expected product. LCMS: MW (calcd): 464; m/z MW (obsd): 465 (M+H).

2.41. (5S)-5-[(2S)-3-[(3S)-4-(3-Chloro-4-fluoro-phenyl)-3-methyl-piperazin-1-yl]-2-methyl-3-oxo-propyl]-5-methoxymethyl-imidazolidine-2,4-dione (Cpd 455): Chiral Separation by SFC

Cpd 432 is purified by SFC using the following conditions:

-   -   Instrument: Waters Thar SFC prep 100     -   Column: Chiralpak IA (20×250 mm), 5 uM     -   Mobile phase: Isocratic 35% EtOH and 65% CO₂.     -   Flow rate: 100 mL/min

Cpd 432 (1.372 g) is dissolved in EtOH (70 mL) (approximately 20 mg/mL), Injection volume 1500 μL which equates to loading of 30 mg on column per injection, total number of stacks: 49. This purification affords the expected product Cpd 455 as a single enantiomer.

TABLE II Illustrative intermediate for the synthesis of illustrative compounds of the invention trans:

Int Structure Name Mtd SM MW Ms’d 001

1-[4-(3,5- dichlorophenyl) piperazin-1-yl]-2- methyl-prop-2- en-1-one D1a 2-Methyl- acryloyl chloride + 1-(3,5-dichloro phenyl)piperazine 299 299- 301 002

1-[4-(3,4- difluorophenyl) piperazin-1-yl]-2- methyl-prop-2- en-1-one D1a 2-Methyl- acryloyl chloride + 1-(3,4-difluoro phenyl)piperazine 266 267 003

1-[(3S)-4-(3,4- difluorophenyl)- 3-methyl- piperazin-1-yl]-2- methyl-prop-2- en-1-one D1a 2-Methyl- acryloyl chloride + Int 199 280 281 004

1-[(3S)-4-(3,5- difluorophenyl)- 3-methyl- piperazin-1- yl]prop-2-en-1- one D1a Acryloyl chloride + Int 207 266 267 005

1-[4-(3- chlorophenyl) piperazin-1-yl]prop-2- en-1-one D1a Acryloyl chloride + 1-(3- Chlorophenyl) piperazine 251 N.A. 006

1-[(3S)-4-(3- chloro-4-fluoro- phenyl)-3-methyl- piperazin-1- yl]prop-2-en-1- one D1a Acryloyl chloride + Int 198 283 283- 285 007

1-[(3S)-4-(3- chloro-5-fluoro- phenyl)-3-methyl- piperazin-1- yl]prop-2-en-1- one D1a Acryloyl chloride + Int 206 283 283- 285 008

1-[(3S)-4-(3,5- dichlorophenyl)- 3-methyl- piperazin-1- yl]prop-2-en-1- one D1a Acryloyl chloride + Int 197 299 299- 301 009

1-[4-(3-chloro-2- methyl- phenyl)piperazin- 1-yl]-2-methyl- prop-2-en-1-one D1b 2-Methyl- acryloyl chloride + Int 196 279 279- 281 010

1-[4-(3- chlorophenyl) piperazin-1-yl]-2- methyl-prop-2- en-1-one D1a 2-Methyl- acryloyl chloride + 1-(3-Chloro phenyl) piperazine 265 N.A. 011

1-[4-(5-fluoro-2- methyl- phenyl)piperazin- 1-yl]-2-methyl- prop-2-en-1-one D1a 2-Methyl- acryloyl chloride + Int 204 262 N.A. 012

1-[(3S)-4-(3,5- difluorophenyl)- 3-methyl- piperazin-1-yl]-4- (2-methyl-1H- imidazol-5- yl)butane-1,4- dione D2a 2-methyl-1H- imidazole-4- carbal dehyde + Int 004 376 377 013

1-[4-(3- chlorophenyl)pipe razin-1-yl]-5- (dimethylamino)p entane-1,4-dione H2 Int 178 + 1-(3-chloro phenyl) piperazine 338 N.A. 014

1-[4-(5-chloro-2- methyl- phenyl)piperazin- 1-yl]-5- (dimethylamino)p entane-1,4-dione H2 Int 178+ 1-(5- chloro-2-methyl phenyl)- piperazine 352 N.A. 015

5- (dimethylamino)- 1-[4-(o- tolyl)piperazin-1- yl]pentane-1,4- dione H2 Int 178 + 1-(o- tolyl) piperazine dihydrochloride 317 N.A. 016

1-[4-(3- chlorophenyl) piperazin-1-yl]-5-[2- methoxyethyl (methyl)amino] pentane-1,4-dione H2 Int 130 + 1-(3- chloro phenyl) piperazine 382 N.A. 017

1-[4-(3- chlorophenyl) piperazin-1-yl]-5- morpholino- pentane-1,4-dione H2 Int 131 + 1-(3-chloro phenyl) piperazine 380 N.A. 018

tert-butyl N-[[4- [3-[4-(3- chlorophenyl) piperazin-1-yl]-3-oxo- propyl]-2,5- dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl]methyl]carbamate F Int 127 480 N.A. 019

tert-butyl N-[[4- [3-[4-(3,5- dichlorophenyl) piperazin-1-yl]-3- oxo-propyl]-2,5- dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl]methyl]carbamate F Int 128 514 N.A. 020

1-[4-(3,5- dichlorophenyl) piperazin-1-yl]-5- methoxy-pentane- 1,4-dione H2 Int 177 + 1-(3,5- dichlorophenyl) piperazine 359 359-361 021

2-[6-[4-(3,5- dichlorophenyl) piperazin-1-yl]-5- methyl-3,6-dioxo- hexyl]isoindoline- 1,3-dione D2a Int 001 + 3-(1,3-Dioxo-1,3- dihydroisoindol- 2-yl)- propionaldehyde 502 502- 504- 506 022

1-[(3S)-4-(3,5- difluorophenyl)- 3-methyl- piperazin-1-yl]-4- (1-methylpyrazol- 3-yl)butane-1,4- dione D2a Int 004+ 1- Methyl-1H- pyrazole-3- carbaldehyde 376 377 023

1-[(3S)-4-(3,5- difluorophenyl)- 3-methyl- piperazin-1-yl]-4- (2-methyloxazol- 4-yl)butane-1,4- dione D2a Int 004 + 2- Methyl-oxazole- 4-carbaldehyde 377 378 024

1-[(3S)-4-(3,5- difluorophenyl)- 3-methyl- piperazin-1-yl]-4- (6-methoxy-3- pyridyl)butane- 1,4-dione D2a Int 004 + 6- Methoxy- pyridine-3- carbaldehyde 403 404 025

1-[4-(5-chloro-2- methyl- phenyl)piperazin- 1-yl]-4-(3- pyridyl)butane- 1,4-dione H1 4-Oxo-4-pyridin- 3-yl-butyric acid + 1-(5-Chloro-2- methylphenyl)- piperazine 372 372- 374 026

1-[4-(3- chlorophenyl) piperazin-1-yl]-4-(3- pyridyl)butane- 1,4-dione H1 4-Oxo-4-pyridin- 3-yl-butyric acid + 1-(3- chlorophenyl) piperazine 358 358- 360 027

1-[4-(o-tolyl) piperazin-1-yl]-4- (3- pyridyl)butane- 1,4-dione H1 4-Oxo-4-pyridin- 3-yl-butyric acid + 1-(o- tolyl)piperazine dihydrochloride 337 338 028

1-[4-(5-chloro-2- methyl- phenyl)piperazin- 1-yl]-4-(2- pyridyl)butane- 1,4-dione H1 4-Oxo-4-pyridin- 2-yl-butyric acid + 1-(5-Chloro-2- methylphenyl)- piperazine 372 372- 374 029

5-methyl-1-[4-(o- tolyl) piperazin-1- yl]hexane-1,4- dione H3 5-Methyl-4- oxohexanoic acid + 1-(o- tolyl)piperazine dihydrochloride 302 N.A. 030

1-[4-(5-chloro-2- methyl- phenyl)piperazin- 1-yl]-5-methyl- hexane-1,4-dione H3 5-Methyl-4- oxohexanoic acid + 1-(5-chloro-2- methylphenyl)- piperazine 337 N.A. 031

1-[4-(3- chlorophenyl) piperazin-1-yl]-4- cyclopropyl- butane-1,4-dione H3 4-Cyclopropyl-4- oxobutyric acid + 1-(3- chlorophenyl) piperazine 321 N.A. 032

1-cyclopropyl-4- [4-(o- tolyl)piperazin-1- yl]butane-1,4- dione H3 4-Cyclopropyl-4- oxobutyric acid + 1-(o- tolyl)piperazine dihydrochloride 300 N.A. 033

1-[4-(5-chloro-2- methyl- phenyl)piperazin- 1-yl]-4- cyclopropyl- butane-1,4-dione H3 4-Cyclopropyl-4- oxobutyric acid + 1-(5-chloro-2- methylphenyl)- piperazine 335 N.A. 034

1-[4-(3- chlorophenyl) piperazin-1-yl]-4- cyclobutyl- butane-1,4-dione H3 4-Cyclobutyl-4- oxo-butyric acid + 1-(3- chlorophenyl) piperazine 335 335- 337 035

1-[4-(5-chloro-2- methyl- phenyl)piperazin- 1-yl]-4- cyclobutyl- butane-1,4-dione H3 4-Cyclobutyl-4- oxo-butyric acid + 1-(5-chloro-2- methylphenyl)- piperazine 349 349- 351 036

1-[4-(3-chloro-2- methyl- phenyl)piperazin- 1-yl]-4- cyclopropyl- butane-1,4-dione H3 4-Cyclopropyl-4- oxobutyric acid + 1-(3-chloro-2- methylphenyl)- piperazine 335 N.A. 037

1-cyclopropyl-4- [4-(3-fluoro-2- methyl- phenyl)piperazin- 1-yl]butane-1,4- dione H3 4-Cyclopropyl-4- oxobutyric acid + 1-(3-fluoro-2- methylphenyl)- piperazine 318 N.A. 038

1-[4-(3-fluoro-2- methyl- phenyl)piperazin- 1-yl]-4-(2- pyridyl)butane- 1,4-dione H3 4-Oxo-4-pyridin- 2-yl-butyric acid + 1-(3-fluoro-2- methylphenyl)- piperazine 355 N.A. 039

1-[4-(2,3- dimethylphenyl)p iperazin-1-yl]-4- (2- pyridyl)butane- 1,4-dione H3 4-Oxo-4-pyridin- 2-yl-butyric acid + 1-(2,3- Dimethyl- phenyl)- piperazine 351 N.A. 040

1-[4-(3- chlorophenyl) piperazin-1-yl]-4- cyclopropyl-2- methyl-butane- 1,4-dione D2b Int 010 + cyclopropane- carboxaldehyde 335 335- 337 041

1-[4-(3- chlorophenyl) piperazin-1- yl]hexane-1,4- dione D2b Int 005 + propanal 309 N.A. 042

1-[4-(3- chlorophenyl) piperazin-1-yl]-4-(3- methoxyphenyl) butane-1,4-dione D2b Int 005 + 3-Methoxy benzaldehyde 387 387- 389 043

1-[4-(3- chlorophenyl) piperazin-1-yl]-4-(4- methylsulfonyl- phenyl)butane-1,4- dione D2b Int 005 + 4- Methylsulphonyl benzaldehyde 435 435- 437 044

4-[4-[4-(3- chlorophenyl) piperazin-1-yl]-4-oxo- butanoyl]benzonitrile D2a Int 005 + 4-cyano benzaldehyde 382 382- 384 045

1-cyclopropyl-4- [4-(3,5- dichlorophenyl)pi perazin-1- yl]butane-1,4- dione H3 4-Cyclopropyl-4- oxobutyric acid + 1-(3,5- dichlorophenyl) piperazine 355 N.A. 046

4-cyclopropyl-1- [4-(3,5- dichlorophenyl) piperazin-1-yl]-2- methyl-butane- 1,4-dione D2b Int 001 + cyclopropane- carboxaldehyde 369 369- 371 047

4-cyclopropyl-1- [4-(5-fluoro-2- methyl- phenyl)piperazin- 1-yl]-2-methyl- butane-1,4-dione D2b Int 011 + cyclopropane- carboxaldehyde 332 333 048

1-[4-(5-fluoro-2- methyl- phenyl)piperazin- 1-yl]-2-methyl- pentane-1,4-dione D2b Int 011 + acetalde hyde 306 307 049

4-cyclopropyl-1- [(3S)-4-(3- fluorophenyl)-3- methyl-piperazin- 1-yl]-2-methyl- butane-1,4-dione H3 Int 155 + Int 202 332 333 050

1-[(3S)-4-(3- chloro-4-fluoro- phenyl)-3-methyl- piperazin-1-yl]-4- cyclopropyl-2- methyl-butane- 1,4-dione H3 Int 155 + Int 198 367 367- 369 051

1-[(3S)-4-(4- chlorophenyl)-3- methyl-piperazin- 1-yl]-4- cyclopropyl-2- methyl-butane- 1,4-dione H3 Int 155 + Int 205 349 349- 351 052

1-[(3S)-4-(3- chloro-5-fluoro- phenyl)-3-methyl- piperazin-1-yl]-4- cyclopropyl-2- methyl-butane- 1,4-dione H3 Int 155 + Int 206 367 367- 369 053

4-cyclopropyl-1- [4-(3,5- dichlorophenyl) piperazin-1-yl]-2- hydroxy-butane- 1,4-dione 2.14 Cyclopropane carbonyl chloride + Meldrum's acid + benzyl alcohol + crotonyl chloride + 3,5- dichlorophenyl piperazine 371 N.A. 054

benzyl 2- (cyclopropanecar bonyl)-4-[4-(3,5- dichlorophenyl)pi perazin-1-yl]-3- ethoxy-4-oxo- butanoate 2.14 Cyclopropane carbonyl chloride + Meldrum's acid + benzyl alcohol + crotonyl chloride + 3,5- dichlorophenyl piperazine 533 N.A. 055

4-[4-(3,5- dichlorophenyl) piperazin-1-yl]-3- methyl-4-oxo- butanal D4 Int 124 329 329- 331 056

4-cyclopropyl-1- [4-(3,5- dichlorophenyl) piperazin-1-yl]-2- methoxy-butane- 1,4-dione 2.15 Int 054 385 N.A. 057

1-[(3S)-4-(3- fluorophenyl)-3- methyl-piperazin- 1-yl]-2-methoxy- pentane-1,4-dione D4 Int 125 322 N.A. 058

1-[(3S)-4-(3- chloro-5-fluoro- phenyl)-3-methyl- piperazin-1-yl]-2- methoxy-pentane- 1,4-dione D4 Int 126 357 N.A. 059

1-[(3S)-4-(3- chloro-4-fluoro- phenyl)-3-methyl- piperazin-1-yl]-4- (6-methyl-3- pyridyl)butane- 1,4-dione D2c Int 006 + 6-Methyl- pyridine-3- carbaldehyde 404 404- 406 060

1-[(3S)-4-(3- chloro-4-fluoro- phenyl)-3-methyl- piperazin-1-yl]-4- (4-pyridyl)butane- 1,4-dione D2c Int 006 + Pyridine-4- carbaldehyde 390 390- 392 061

1-[4-(3,5- dichlorophenyl) piperazin-1-yl]-2- ethyl-pentane-1,4- dione H2 Int 190 + 1-(3,5- dichlorophenyl) piperazine 357 357- 359 062

trans 5-[2- (benzyloxymethyl)- 3-[(3S)-4-(3- fluorophenyl)-3- methyl-piperazin- 1-yl]-3-oxo- propyl]-5-methyl- imidazolidine- 2,4-dione H2 Int 135 + Int 202 483 N.A. 063

1-[(3S)-4-(3,5- dichlorophenyl)- 3-methyl- piperazin-1-yl]-5- (2- methoxyethoxy)- 2-methyl- pentane-1,4-dione H2 Int 185 + Int 197 431 431- 433 064

1-[4-(3,5- dichlorophenyl) piperazin-1-yl]-2- [(2,5- dimethylpyrazol-3- yl)methyl]pentane- 1,4-dione E Int 121 + 5-Chloromethyl- 1,3-dimethyl-1H- pyrazole 437 437- 439 065

3-[4-(3,5- dichlorophenyl) piperazine-1- carbonyl]-5-oxo- hexanenitrile E Int 121 + Bromo- acetonitrile 368 368- 370 066

1-[(3S)-4-(3- fluorophenyl)-3- methyl-piperazin- 1-yl]-2- (methoxymethyl) pentane-1,4-dione E Int 122 + Bromo-methoxy- methane 336 337 067

tert-butyl 3-[4-[4- (3,4- difluorophenyl) piperazin-1-yl]-3- methyl-4-oxo- butanoyl]azetidine- 1-carboxylate D2b Int 002 + 1-Boc-3- azetidinecarboxal dehyde 452 453 068

tert-butyl 3-[4- [(3S)-4-(3,4- dilluorophenyl)- 3-methyl- piperazin-1-yl]-3- methyl-4-oxo- butanoyl]azetidine- 1-carboxylate D2b Int 003 + 1-Boc-3- azetidinecarboxal dehyde 466 467 069

tert-butyl N-[6-[4- (3,4- difluorophenyl) piperazin-1-yl]-5- methyl-3,6-dioxo- hexyl]carbamate H2 Int 191 + 1-(3,4-difluoro phenyl) piperazine 440 441 070

1-[(3S)-4-(3,5- difluorophenyl)- 3-methyl- piperazin-1-yl]-4- (6-methoxy-2- pyridyl)butane- 1,4-dione D2a Int 004 + 6-Methoxy- pyridine-2- carbaldehyde 403 404 071

1-[(3S)-4-(3,5- difluorophenyl)- 3-methyl- piperazin-1-yl]-4- (6-methoxy-3- pyridyl)butane- 1,4-dione D2a Int 004 + 6-Methoxy- pyridine-3- carbaldehyde 403 404 072

1-[(3S)-4-(3,5- difluorophenyl)- 3-methyl- piperazin-1-yl]-4- [6- (trifluoromethyl)- 3-pyridyl]butane- 1,4-dione D2a Int 004 + 6- Trifluoromethyl- pyridine-3- carbaldehyde 441 442 073

1-[(3S)-4-(3,5- difluorophenyl)- 3-methyl- piperazin-1-yl]-4- (2-methyl-4- pyridyl)butane- 1,4-dione D2a Int 004 + 2- Methyl-pyridine- 4-carbaldehyde 387 388 074

1-[4-(3- chlorophenyl) piperazin-1-yl]-5- methyl-hexane- 1,4-dione H3 5-Methyl-4- oxohexanoic acid + 1-(3- chlorophenyl) piperazine 323 323- 325 075

1-[4-(3,5- dichlorophenyl) piperazin-1-yl]-5- methyl-hexane- 1,4-dione H3 5-Methyl-4- oxohexanoic acid + 1-(3,5- dichlorophenyl) piperazine 357 357- 359 076

1-[4-(2,5- dimethylphenyl) piperazin-1-yl]-4- (2-pyridyl)butane- 1,4-dione H1 4-Oxo-4-p ridin- 2-yl-butyric acid + 1-(2,5- Dimethylphenyl) piperazine 351 352 077

1-cyclopropyl-4- 4-(2,5- dimethylphenyl) piperazin-1- yl]butane-1,4- dione H1 4-Cyclopropyl-4- oxo-butyric acid + 1-(2,5- Dimethylphenyl) piperazine 314 315 078

1-[4-(3- chlorophenyl) piperazin-1-yl]-4-(2- methoxyphenyl) butane-1,4-dione H2 4-(2- methoxyphenyl)- 4-oxobutyric acid + 1-(3- chlorophenyl) piperazine 387 387- 389 079

1-[(3S)-4-(3,5- difluorophenyl)- 3-methyl- piperazin-1-yl]-4- (5- methylisoxazol-3- yl)butane-1,4- dione D2a Int 004 + 5- Methylisoxazole- 3-carboxaldehyde 377 378 080

1-[4-(5-chloro-2- methyl- phenyl)piperazin- 1-yl]-4- cyclohexyl- butane-1,4-dione H3 4-cyclohexyl-4- oxobutyric acid + 1-(5-chloro-2- methylphenyl)- piperazine 377 377- 379 081

(E)-1-[4-(3,5- dichlorophenyl) piperazin-1-yl]but- 2-en-1-one D1 crotonyl chloride + 3,5-dichloro phenyl piperazine 299 N.A. 082

1-cyclopropyl-4- [4-(2,3-dimethyl- phenyl)piperazin- 1-yl]butane-1,4- dione H1 4-Cyclopropyl-4- oxo-butyric acid + 1-(2,3- Dimethylphenyl) piperazine 314 N.A. 083

1-[4-(3,4- difluorophenyl) piperazin-1-yl]-4- (2-pyridyl)butane- 1,4-dione H1 4-Oxo-4-pyridin- 2-yl-butyric acid + 1-(3,4- difluorophenyl) piperazine 359 360 084

1-[4-(3-chloro-4- fluoro-phenyl) piperazin-1-yl]-4- (2-pyridyl)butane- 1,4-dione H1 4-Oxo-4-pyridin- 2-yl-butyric acid + 1-(3-Chloro-4- fluorophenyl) piperazine dihydrochloride 376 376- 378 085

1-[(3S)-4-(3- chloro-5-fluoro- phenyl)-3-methyl- piperazin-1-yl]-4- oxazol-4-yl- butane-1,4-dione D2a Int 007 + Oxazole-4- carbaldehyde 380 380- 382 086

1-[4-(3,5- dichlorophenyl) piperazin-1-yl]-6- (dimethylamino) hexane-1,4-dione H1 6-dimethylamino- 4-ketohexanoic acid hydrochloride + 1-(3,5- dichlorophenyl) piperazine 386 386- 388- 390 087

1-[4- (dimethylamino methyl)phenyl]-4- [4-(o-tolyl) piperazin-1-yl] butane-1,4-dione D7 Int 117 394 395 088

1-[4-(3-chloro- phenyl)piperazin- 1-yl]-4-[4-(2- dimethylamino- ethyloxy)phenyl] butane-1,4-dione H1 Int 189+ 1-(3- chlorophenyl) piperazine 444 444- 446 089

1-[4-2- dimethylamino- ethyloxy)phenyl]-4- [4-(o- tolyl)piperazin-1- yl]butane-1,4- dione H1 Int 189+ 1-(o- tolyl)piperazine dihydrochloride 424 425 090

1-[4-(3- chlorophenyl) piperazin-1-yl]-4-[4- (dimethylamino- methyl)phenyl] butane-1,4-dione D7 Int 118 414 414- 416 091

1-[4-(3- chlorophenyl) piperazin-1-yl]-5,5- dimethyl-hexane- 1,4-dione H1 5,5-Dimethyl-4- oxo-hexanoic acid + 1-(3- chlorophenyl) piperazine 337 337- 339 092

1-[4-(5-chloro-2- methyl-phenyl) piperazin-1-yl]- 5,5-dimethyl- hexane-1,4-dione H1 5,5-Dimethyl-4- oxo-hexanoic acid + 1-(5- chloro-2- methylphenyl)- piperazine 351 351- 353 093

1-[4-(3- chlorophenyl) piperazin-1-yl]-4- cyclopentyl- butane-1,4-dione H1 4-Cyclopentyl-4- oxo-butyric acid + 1-(3- chlorophenyl) piperazine 349 349- 351 094

1-[4-(5-chloro-2- methyl- phenyl)piperazin- 1-yl]-4- cyclopentyl- butane-1,4-dione H1 4-Cyclopentyl-4- oxo-butyric acid + 1-(5-chloro-2- methylphenyl)- piperazine 363 363- 365 095

1-[4-(3- chlorophenyl) piperazin-1-yl]-4- (m-tolyl)butane-1,4- dione D2a Int 005 + 3-Methyl- benzaldehyde 371 371- 373 096

trans tert-butyl 3-[4-[3- [4-(3,5- dichlorophenyl) piperazin-1-yl]-2- methyl-3-oxo- propyl]-2,5- dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl]azetidine-1- carboxylate F Int 119 554 554- 556 097

1-[4-(3,5- dichlorophenyl) piperazin-1-yl]-2- methyl-4- tetrahydropyran- 4-yl-butane-1,4- dione D2b Int 001 + Tetrahydro- pyran-4- carbaldehyde 413 413- 415 098

1-[4-(3,5- dichlorophenyl) piperazin-1-yl]-2- methyl-6- methylsulfanyl- hexane-1,4-dione D2b Int 001 + 3- (Methylthio) propionaldehyde 403 403- 405 099

tert-butyl 4-[5-[4- (3,5- dichlorophenyl) piperazin-1-yl]-4- methyl-2,5-dioxo- pentyl]piperidine- 1-carboxylate D2b Int 001 + 4-(2-Oxo-ethyl)- piperidine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester 527 527- 529 100

trans tert-butyl N-[2-[4- [3-[4-(3,5- dichlorophenyl) piperazin-1-yl]-2- methyl-3-oxo- propyl]-2,5- dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl]ethyl] carbamate F Int 150 542 542- 544 101

trans 1-[4-(3-chloro-2- methyl- phenyl)piperazin- 1-yl]-4- cyclopropyl-2- methyl-butane- 1,4-dione D2b Int 009 + cyclopropane- carboxaldehyde 349 349- 351 102

1-[4-(3-chloro-2- methyl- phenyl)piperazin- 1-yl]-2-methyl- pentane-1,4-dione D2b Int 009 + Acetaldehyde 323 323- 325 103

1-[(3S)-4-(3- fluorophenyl)-3- methyl-piperazin- 1-yl]-4-(2- pyridyl)butane- 1,4-dione H3 4-oxo-4-pyridin- 2ylbutyric acid + Int 202 355 356 104

1-[(3S)-4-(3- chloro-5-fluoro- phenyl)-3-methyl- piperazin-1-yl]-4- (2-pyridyl)butane- 1,4-dione H3 4-oxo-4-pyridin- 2ylbutyric acid + Int 206 390 309- 392 105

1-[(3S)-4-(3,4- dichlorophenyl)- 3-methyl- piperazin-1-yl]-4- (2-pyridyl)butane- 1,4-dione H3 4-oxo-4-pyridin- 2ylbutyric acid + Int 201 406 406- 408 106

1-[(3S)-4-(3,5- difluorophenyl)- 3-methyl- piperazin-1-yl]-4- (2- pyridyl)bntane- 1,4-dione H3 4-oxo-4-pyridin- 2ylbutyric acid + Int 207 373 374 107

1-[(3S)-4-(3,5- difluorophenyl)- 3-methyl- piperazin-1-yl]-4- oxazol-4-yl- butane-1,4-dione D2a Int 004 + Oxazole-4- carbaldehyde 363 364 108

1-[(3S)-4-(3,5- difluorophenyl)- 3-methyl- piperazin-1-yl]-4- (1-methylimidazol- 4-yl)butane-1,4- dione D2a Int 004+ 1- Methyl-1H- imidazole-4- carbaldehyde 376 377 109

1-[4-(3- chlorophenyl) piperazin-1-yl]-6- (dimethylamino) hexane-1,4-dione H1 6-dimethylamino- 4-ketohexanoic acid hydrochloride + 1-(3- chlorophenyl) piperazine 352 352- 354 110

(S)-4-(3,5- Difluoro-phenyl)- 3-methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert- butyl ester 2.18 Int 290 268 N.A. 111

1-[4-(3- chlorophenyl) piperazin-1-yl]-4- cyclohexyl- butane-1,4-dione H3 4-cyclohexyl-4- oxobutyric acid + 1-(3- chlorophenyl) piperazine 363 363- 365 112

1-[4-(3- fluorophenyl) piperazin-1-yl]-4-(2- pyridyl)butane- 1,4-dione H1 4-oxo-4-pyridin- 2ylbutyric acid + 1-(3- Fluorophenyl) piperazine 341 342 113

1-[4-(5-fluoro-2- methyl- phenyl)piperazin- 1-yl]-4-(2- pyridyl)butane- 1,4-dione H1 4-oxo-4-pyridin- 2ylbutyric acid + Int 204 355 356 114

1-[(3S)-4-(3,5- dilluorophenyl)- 3-methyl- piperazin-1-yl]-4- (1-methylpyrazol- 4-yl)butane-1,4- dione D2a Int 004+ 1- Methyl-1H- pyrazole-4- carbaldehyde 376 377 115

1-[(3S)-4-(3,5- difluorophenyl)- 3-methyl- piperazin-1-yl]-4- (2,5- dimethyloxazol- 4-yl)butane-1,4- dione D2a Int 004 + 2,5- Dimethyl- oxazole-4- carbaldehyde 391 392 116

tert-butyl 2-[4-[3- [4-(4-chloro-3- methyl- phenyl)piperazin- 1-yl]-3-oxo- propyl]-2,5- dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl]acetate F Int 120 479 479 117

1-[4- bromophenyl)-4- [4-(o- tolyl)piperazin-1- yl]butane-1,4- dione H1 4-(4-Bromo- phenyl)-4-oxo- butyric acid + 1- (o- tolyl)piperazine dihydrochloride 415 415- 417 118

1-[4- bromophenyl)-4- [4-(3- chlorophenyl) piperazin-1-yl] butane-1,4-dione H1 4-(4-Bromo- phenyl)-4-oxo- butyric acid + 1- (3-chlorophenyl) piperazine 436 435- 437 119

tert-butyl 3-[4-[4- (3,5- dichlorophenyl) piperazin-1-yl]-3- methyl-4-oxo- butanoyl]azetidine- 1-carboxylate D2b Int 001 + 3- Formyl-azetidine- 1-carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester 484 484- 486 120

tert-butyl 6-[4-(4- chloro-3-methyl- phenyl)piperazin- 1-yl]-3,6-dioxo- hexanoate H2 Int 129 + Int 284 409 409 121

1-[4-(3,5- dichlorophenyl) piperazin-1- yl]pentane-1,4- dione H2 levulinic acid + 1-(3,5- dichlorophenyl) piperazine 329 329- 331 122

1-[(3S)-4-(3- fluorophenyl)-3- methyl-piperazin- 1-yl]pentane-1,4- dione H2 levulinic acid + Int 202 292 293 123

1-[4-(3,5- dichlorophenyl) piperazin-1-yl]-3- methyl-pent-4-en- 1-one H3 3-Methyl-4- pentenoic acid + 1-(3,5- dichlorophenyl) piperazine 327 N.A. 124

1-[4-(3,5- dichlorophenyl) piperazin-1-yl]-2- methyl-pent-4-en- 1-one H3 2-Methyl-4- pentenoic acid + 1-(3,5- dichlorophenyl) piperazine 327 327- 329 125

1-[(3S)-4-(3- fluorophenyl)-3- methyl-piperazin- 1-yl]-2-methoxy- 4-methyl-pent-4- en-1-one H3 Int 154 + Int 202 320 321 126

1-[(3S)-4-(3- chloro-5-fluoro- phenyl)-3-methyl- piperazin-1-yl]-2- methoxy-4- methyl-pent-4-en- 1-one H3 Int 154 +Int 206 355 355- 357 127

tert-butyl N-[5-[4- (3- chlorophenyl) piperazin-1-yl]-2,5- dioxo- pentyl]carbamate H2 Int 173 + 1-(3- chlorophenyl) piperazine 410 N.A. 128

tert-butyl N-[5-[4- (3,5- dichlorophenyl) piperazin-1-yl]-2,5- dioxo- pentyl]carbamate H2 Int 173 + 1-(3,5- dichlorophenyl) piperazine 444 N.A. 129

6-tert-butoxy-4,6- dioxo-hexanoic acid 2.16 Succinic anhydride + tertbutyl acetate 216 N.A. 130

5-2- methoxyethyl (methyl)amino]-4- oxo-pentanoic acid D6 levulinic acid + (2-methoxy- ethyl)-methyl- amine 203 N.A. 131

5-morpholino-4- oxo-pentanoic acid D6 levulinic acid + morpholine 201 N.A. 132

3-[2,5-dioxo-4-(3- pyridyl) imidazolidin-4- yl]propanoic acid G Int 133 249 N.A. 133

tert-butyl 3-[2,5- dioxo-4-(3- pyridyl) imidazolidin-4- yl]propanoate F Int 134 305 306 134

tert-butyl 4-oxo- 4-(3- pyridyl)butanoate C4 Pyridine-3- carbaldehyde + Acrylic acid tert- butyl ester 235 236 135

trans 2- (benzyloxymethyl)- 3-(4-methyl-2,5- dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propanoic acid G Int 136 306 307 136

trans tert-butyl 2- (benzyloxymethyl)- 3-(4-methyl-2,5- dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propanoate F Int 137 362 N.A. 137

tert-butyl 2- (benzyloxy methyl)-4-oxo- pentanoate 2.17 Int 138 292 315 (M + Na) 138

2- (benzyloxymethyl)- 4-oxo-pentanoic acid D5 benzyloxy- acetaldehyde 236 N.A. 139

3-(2,5-dioxo-4- pyrimidin-2-yl- imidazolidin-4- yl)propanoic acid G + H₂O Int 140 250 251 140

tert-butyl 3-(2,5- dioxo-4- pyrimidin-2-yl- imidazolidin-4- yl)propanoate F Int 141 306 307 141

tert-butyl 4-oxo- 4-pyrimidin-2-yl- butanoate C2 1-Pyrimidin-2-yl- ethanone + Bromo-acetic acid tert-butyl ester 236 237 142

3-(2,5-dioxo-4- pyrazin-2-yl- imidazolidin-4- yl)propanoic acid G Int 143 250 249 (M − H) 143

tert-butyl 3-(2,5- dioxo-4-pyrazin- 2-yl-imidazolidin- 4-yl)propanoate F Int 144 306 307 144

tert-butyl 4-oxo- 4-pyrazin-2-yl- butanoate C2 l-Pyrazin-2-yl- ethanone + Bromo-acetic acid tert-butyl ester 236 237 145

trans 3-[4-[(3,3- difluoropyrrolidin- 1-yl)methyl]-2,5- dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl]-2-methyl- propanoic acid G Int 146 305 N.A. 146

trans tert-butyl 3-[4- [(3,3- difluoropyrrolidin- 1-yl)methyl]-2,5- dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl]-2-methyl- propanoate F Int 147 361 N.A. 147

tert-butyl 5-(3,3- difluoropyrrolidin- 1-yl)-2-methyl- 4-oxo-pentanoate C5 Int 148 + 2,2- Difluoro- pyrrolidine hydrochloride 291 292 148

tert-butyl 2- methylpent-4- enoate 03 2-Methyl-pent-4- enoic acid 170 N.A. 149

2-[4-(3,5- dichlorophenyl) piperazin-1-yl]-2- oxo-acetaldehyde D4 Int 081 287 N.A. 150

tert-butyl N-[6-[4- (3,5- dichlorophenyl) piperazin-1-yl]-5- methyl-3,6-dioxo- hexyl]carbamate 2.19 Int 021 472 472- 474- 476 151

trans 3-(2,5- dioxoimidazolidin- 4-yl)-2-methyl- propanoic acid G Int 152 186 N.A. 152

trans tert-butyl 3-(2,5- dioxoimidazolidin- 4-yl)-2-methyl- propanoate F Int 153 242 N.A. 153

tert-butyl 2- methyl-4-oxo- butanoate 2.20 Int 148 172 N.A. 154

2-methoxy-4- methyl-pent-4- enoic acid 2.21 Methoxy-acetic acid + 2-Methyl- prop-2-en-1-ol 144 143 (M − H) 155

4-cyclopropyl-2- methyl-4-oxo- butanoic acid 2.23 cyclopropane- carbonyl chloride + 2,2-Dimethyl- [1,3]dioxane-4,6- dione 156 155 (M − H) 156

trans 3-[4- (methoxymethyl)- 2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl]-2-methyl- propanoic acid G Int 157 230 231 157

trans tert-butyl 3-[4- (methoxymethyl)- 2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl]-2-methyl- propanoate F Int 158 286 309 (M + Na) 158

tert-butyl 5- methoxy-2- methyl-4-oxo- pentanoate C1 Methoxy-acetic acid + 2,2- Dimethyl- [1,3]dioxane-4,6- dione 216 239 (M+ Na) 159

trans 3-[2,5-dioxo-4-(2- pyridyl)imidazolidin- 4-yl]-2- methyl-propanoic acid G Int 160 263 264 160

trans tert-butyl 3-[2,5- dioxo-4-(2- pyridyl)imidazolidin- 4-yl]-2- methyl- propanoate F Int 161 319 320 161

tert-butyl 2- methyl-4-oxo-4- (2- pyridyl)butanoate C1 step ii + step iii 3-Oxo-3-pyridin- 2-yl-propionic acid benzyl ester + Bromo-acetic acid tert-butyl ester 249 272 (M + Na) 162

3-(4-cyclopropyl- 2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propanoic acid 2.22 Int 110 212 211 (M − H) 163

3-[(4S)-4- cyclopropyl-2,5- dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl]propanoic acid 2.22 Int 162 212 N.A. 164

trans 3-(4-cyclopropyl- 2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)-2-methyl- propanoic acid C3 + F + G Int 155 226 225 (M − H) 165

trans 2-methyl-3-(4- methyl-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propanoic acid G Int 289 200 201 166

3-[4-(6-methyl-2- pyridyl)-2,5- dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl]propanoic acid G Int 167 263 264 167

tert-butyl 3-[4-(6- methyl-2- pyridyl)-2,5- dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl]propanoate F Int 168 319 320 168

tert-butyl 4-(6- methyl-2- pyridyl)-4-oxo- butanoate C4 6-Methyl- pyridine-2- carbaldehyde + Acrylic acid tert- butyl ester 249 250 169

trans 3-(4-ethyl-2,5- dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)-2-methyl- propanoic acid G Int 170 214 215 170

trans tert-butyl 3-(4- ethyl-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)-2-methyl- propanoate F Int 171 270 271 171

tert-butyl 2- methyl-4-oxo- hexanoate C3 2-Methyl-4-oxo- hexanoic acid [ref J. Org. Chem. 2003, 68, 7983-7989] 200 N.A. 172

3-[(4R)-4-methyl- 2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl]propanoic acid 2.24 3-(4-Methyl-2,5- dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid 186 373 (2M + H) 173

5-(tert- butoxycarbonyl- amino)- 4-oxo- pentanoic acid 2.25 5-Amino-4-oxo- pentanoic acid 231 N.A. 174

3-[4-(6-methyl-3- pyridyl)-2,5- dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl]propanoic acid G Int 175 263 264 175

tert-butyl 3-[4-(6- methyl-3- pyridyl)-2,5- dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl]propanoate F Int 176 319 320 176

tert-butyl 4-(6- methyl-3- pyridyl)-4-oxo- butanoate D2c 6-Methyl- pyridine-3- carbaldehyde + Acrylic acid tert- butyl ester 249 250 177

5-methoxy-4-oxo- pentanoic acid 2.26 pent-4-ynoic acid 146 N.A. 178

5- (dimethylamino)- 4-oxo-pentanoic acid D6 levulinic acid + dimethylamine 159 N.A. 179

3-[4-(1- methylimidazol- 4-yl)-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl]propanoic acid G Int 180 252 253 180

tert-butyl 3-[4-(1- methylimidazol- 4-yl)-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl]propanoate F Int 181 308 309 181

tert-butyl 4-(1- methylimidazol- 4-yl)-4-oxo- butanoate C4 1-Methyl-1H- imidazole- 4-carbaldehyde + Acrylic acid tert- butyl ester 238 182

3-(2,5-dioxo-4- pyrimidin-5-yl- imidazolidin-4- yl)propanoic acid G Int 183 250 N.A. 183

tert-butyl 3-(2,5- dioxo-4- pyrimidin-5-yl- imidazolidin-4- yl)propanoate F Int 184 306 307 184

tert-butyl 4-oxo- 4-pyrimidin-5-yl- butanoate C2 1-Pyrimidin- 5-yl-ethanone + Bromo-acetic acid tert-butyl ester 236 237 185

5-(2- methoxyethoxy)- 2-methyl-4-oxo- pentanoic acid 2.27 (2-methoxy- ethoxy)-acetic acid 204 203 (M − H) 186

trans 2-methyl-3-[4- (morpholinomethyl)- 2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl]propanoic acid G Int 187 285 N.A. 187

trans tert-butyl 2- methyl-3-[4- (morpholinomethyl)- 2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl]propanoate F Int 188 341 342 188

tert-butyl 2- methyl-5- morpholino-4- oxo-pentanoate 05 Int 148 + morpholine 271 N.A. 189

4-[4-(2- dimethylamino- ethyloxy)phenyl]-4- oxo-butanoic acid 2.28 4-(4-fluoro- phenyl)-4-oxo- butyric acid + 2- dimethylamino- ethanol 265 266 190

2-ethyl-4-oxo- pentanoic acid D5 propionaldehyde 144 N.A. 191

6-(tert- butoxycarbonyl- amino)-2-methyl- 4-oxo-hexanoic acid 2.29 3-tert- butoxycarbonyl- amino-propionic acid + Meldrum’s acid 259 260 192

2-chloro-N,N- dimethyl-5-[(2S)- 2- methylpiperazin- 1-yl]aniline A2a + A5a (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + Int 285 254 254 193

2-chloro-N- methyl-5-[(2S)-2- methylpiperazin- 1-yl]aniline A2a + A5e (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + Int 286 240 240 194

1-(m-tolyl) piperazine A2a + A5a Piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 3-bromo toluene 176 177 195

(2S)-1-(2,5- dimethylphenyl)- 2-methyl- piperazine A2a + A5a (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carbox ylic acid tert- butyl ester + 2-bromo-1,4- dimethyl benzene 204 205 196

1-(3-chloro-2- methyl- phenyl)piperazine A7 Piperazine + 1- Bromo-3-chloro- 2-methyl-benzene 211 211 197

(2S)-1-(3,5- dichlorophenyl)- 2-methyl- piperazine A2a + A5a (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 1-Bromo-3,5- dichloro-benzene 245 245- 247 198

(2S)-1-(3-chloro- 4-fluoro-phenyl)- 2-methyl- piperazine A2a + A5a (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 4-Bromo-2- chloro-1-fluoro- benzene 229 229 199

(2S)-1-(3,4- dilluorophenyl)- 2-methyl- piperazine A2a + A5b (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 4-Bromo-1,2- difluoro-benzene 212 214 200

(2S)-1-(3- chlorophenyl)-2- methyl-piperazine A2a + A5a (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 1-Bromo-3- chloro-benzene 211 211 201

(2S)-1-(3,4- dichlorophenyl)- 2-methyl- piperazine A2a + A5a (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 1,2-Dichloro-4- iodo-benzene 245 245 202

(2S)-1-(3- fluorophenyl)-2- methyl-piperazine A2a + A5b (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 1-Bromo-3- fluoro-benzene 194 195 203

1-(4-chloro-3,5- difluoro- phenyl)piperazine A7 Piperazine + 5- Bromo-2-chloro- 1,3-difluoro- benzene 233 233 204

1-(5-fluoro-2- methyl- phenyl)piperazine A7 Piperazine + 4- Fluoro-2-bromo- 1-methyl-benzene 194 195 205

(2S)-1-(4- chlorophenyl)-2- methyl-piperazine A2a + A5a (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 1-Bromo-4- chloro-benzene 211 211 206

(2S)-1-(3-chloro- 5-fluoro-phenyl)- 2-methyl- piperazine A2a + A5a (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 1-Bromo-3- chloro-5-fluoro- benzene 229 229- 231 207

(2S)-1-(3,5- difluorophenyl)-2- methyl-piperazine A2a + A5a (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 1-Bromo-3,5- difluoro-benzene 212 213 208

(2S)-1-(5-fluoro- 2-methyl-phenyl)- 2-methyl- piperazine A2a + A5a (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 2-Bromo- 4-fluoro-1- methyl-benzene 208 N.A. 209

(2S)-1-(4- fluorophenyl)-2- methyl-piperazine A2a + A5b (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 1-Bromo-4- fluoro-benzene 194 195 210

(2S)-1-(4-fluoro- 3-methyl-phenyl)- 2-methyl- piperazine A2a + A5b (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 4-Bromo- 1-fluoro-2- methyl-benzene 208 209 211

(2S)-1-(3,5- dichloro-2- methyl-phenyl)-2- methyl-piperazine A2a + A5a (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 1-Bromo- 3,5-dichloro-2- methyl-benzene 259 261 212

(2S)-2-methyl-1- phenyl-piperazine A2a + A5b (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + Bromo- benzene 176 177 213

(2S)-1-(4-chloro- 3-fluoro-phenyl)- 2-methyl- piperazine A2a + A5a (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 4-Bromo- l-chloro-2- fluoro-benzene 229 229 214

(2S)-1-(5-fluoro- 3-pyridyl)-2- methyl-piperazine A2a + A5a (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 3-Bromo-5- fluoro-pyridine 195 196 215

(2S)-1-(5-chloro- 3-pyridyl)-2- methyl-piperazine A2a + A5a (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 3-Bromo-5- chloro-pyridine 212 212 216

(2S)-1-(3-chloro- 2-methyl-phenyl)- 2-methyl- piperazine A2a + A5a (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 1-Bromo-3- chloro-2-methyl- benzene 225 225 217

1-(5-fluoro-2- methyl-phenyl)-2- methyl-piperazine A2a + A5b 3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 2-Bromo-4- fluoro-1-methyl- benzene 208 209 218

1-(3,5- dichlorophenyl)- 2-methyl- piperazine A2a + A5a 3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 1-Bromo-3,5- dichloro-benzene 245 245- 247 219

(2R)-2-methyl-1- phenyl-piperazine A2a + A5b (R)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + Bromo-benzene 176 177 220

1-[4- chlorophenyl)-2- methyl-piperazine A2a + A5b 3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 1-Bromo-4- chloro-benzene 211 211 221

(2S)-2-methyl-1-(3- pyridyl)piperazine A2a + A5a (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 3-Bromo- pyridine 177 178 222

(2S)-2-methyl-1- (5-methyl-3- pyridyl)piperazine A2a + A5a (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 3-Bromo-5- methyl-pyridine 191 N.A. 223

5-[(2S)-2- methylpiperazin- 1-yl]pyridine-3- carbonitrile A2a + A5a (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 5-Bromo- nicotinonitrile 202 203 224

(2S)-1-(3-fluoro- 4-methyl-phenyl)- 2-methyl- piperazine A2a + A5b (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 4-Bromo-2- fluoro-1-methyl- benzene 208 209 225

(2S)-1-(3-chloro- 4-methyl-phenyl)- 2-methyl- piperazine A2a + A5b (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 4-Bromo-2- chloro-1-methyl- benzene 225 225- 227 226

4-chloro-2-[(2S)- 2- methylpiperazin- 1-yl]pyrimidine A4 + A5a (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 2,4-Dichloro- pyrimidine 213 213 227

3-chloro-6-[(2S)- 2- methylpiperazin- 1-yl]pyridazine A4 + A5a (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 3,6-Dichloro- pyridazine 213 213 228

2-[(2S)-2- methylpiperazin- 1-yl]pyrazine A2c + A5a (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 2-Chloro- pyrazine 178 179 229

(2S)-1-(4-chloro- 2-pyridyl)-2- methyl-piperazine A2b + A5a (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 2,4-Dichloro- pyridine 212 N.A. 230

l-methyl-4-[(2S)- 2- methylpiperazin- 1-yl]indazole A2d + A5b (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 4-Bromo-1- methyl-1H- indazole 230 231 231

l-methyl-6-[(2S)- 2- methylpiperazin- 1-yl]pyrrolo[3,2- b]pyridine A2d + A5b (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 6-Bromo-1- methyl-1H- pyrrolo[3,2- b]pyridine 230 231 232

(2S)-1-[3-fluoro- 5-(1H-pyrazol-4- yl)phenyl]-2- methyl-piperazine A2a + A3 + A5b (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 1,3-Dibromo-5- fluoro-benzene 260 261 233

(2S)-2-methyl-1- [3-(1H-pyrazol-4- yl)phenyl]piperazine A2a + A3 + A5b (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 1,3-Dibromo- benzene 242 243 234

(2S)-1-[4-fluoro- 3-(1H-pyrazol-4- yl)phenyl]-2- methyl-piperazine A2a + A3 + A5a (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 4-Bromo-2- chloro-1-fluoro- benzene 260 261 235

(2S)-2-methyl-1- (3-nitrophenyl) piperazine A2a + A5b (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 1-Bromo-3-nitro- benzene 221 222 236

1-(3,5- difluorophenyl) piperazine A2a + A5b Piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 1-Bromo-3,5- difluoro-benzene 198 199 237

5-methyl-3-[(2S)- 2- methylpiperazin- 1-yl]-1,2,4- oxadiazole 2.13 + A5a (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert- butyl ester + BrCN 182 N.A. 238

3-methyl-5-[(2S)- 2- methylpiperazin- 1-yl]-1,2,4- oxadiazole 2.30 (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert- butyl ester + BrCN 182 183 239

1-methyl-6-[(2S)- 2- methylpiperazin- 1-yl]indazole A2d + A5c (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert- butyl ester + 6- Bromo-1-methyl- 1H-indazole 230 231 240

1-(3- fluorophenyl)-2- methyl-piperazine A2a + A5a 3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert- butyl ester + 1- Bromo-3-fluoro- benzene 194 195 241

1-(3- chlorophenyl)-2- methyl-piperazine A2a + A5a 3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert- butyl ester + 1- Bromo-3-chloro- benzene 211 211- 213 242

1-(3,5-dichloro-2- methyl- phenyl)piperazine A7 Piperazine + 1- Bromo-3,5- dichloro-2- methyl-benzene 245 245- 247 243

(2S,6R)-1-(3,5- dichlorophenyl)- 2,6-dimethyl- piperazine A1 + A2a + A5a cis-2,6-Dimethyl- piperazine + 3,5- dichloro bromobenzene 259 259- 261 244

(2S)-1-(3- bromophenyl)-2- methyl-piperazine A2a + A5a (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 1,3-Dibromo- benzene 255 255- 257 245

(2S,6S)-1-(3,5- dichlorophenyl)- 2,6-dimethyl- piperazine A2a + A5a (3S,5S)-3,5- Dimethyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 1-Bromo-3,5- dichloro-benzene 259 259- 246

1-(benzofuran-5- yl)piperazine A2e + A5a Piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 5-Bromo- benzofuran 202 N.A. 247

5-piperazin-1-yl- 1,3-benzothiazole A2e + A5a Piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 5-Bromo- benzo thiazole 219 N.A. 248

5-[(2S)-2- methylpiperazin- 1-yl]pyrimidine A2a + A5b (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 5-Bromo- pyrimidine 178 N.A. 249

(2S)-1- (benzofuran-7- yl)-2-methyl- piperazine A2f + A5a (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 7-Bromo- benzofuran 216 217 250

3-[(2S)-2- methylpiperazin- 1-yl]quinoline A2f + A5a (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 3-Bromo- quinoline 227 228 251

1-methyl-5-[(2S)- 2- methylpiperazin- 1-yl]indole A2b + A5a (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 5-Bromo-1- methyl-1H-indole 229 230 252

l-methyl-6-[(2S)- 2- methylpiperazin- 1-yl]indole A2d + A5b (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 6-Bromo-1- methyl-1H-indole 229 230 253

6-[(2S)-2- methylpiperazin- 1-yl]-1,3- benzothiazole A2d + A5a (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 6-Bromo- benzothiazole 233 234 254

l-methyl-4-[(2S)- 2- methylpiperazin- 1-yl]indole A2d + A5c (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 4-Bromo-1- methyl-1H-indole 229 230 255

3-fluoro-5-[(2S)- 2- methylpiperazin- 1-yl]benzonitrile A2e + A5a (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 3-Bromo-5- fluoro- benzonitrile 219 220 256

(2S)-2-methyl-1- (1-methylpyrazol- 3-yl)piperazine A2g + A5a (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 3-Bromo-1- methyl-1H- pyrazole 180 181 257

5-[(2S)-2- methylpiperazin- 1-yl]-1H-indole A6 5-Bromo-1H- indole 215 216 258

5-[(2S)-2- methylpiperazin- 1-yl]-1H-indazole A6 5-Bromo-1H- indazole 216 N.A. 259

1-methyl-5-[(2S)- 2-methylpiperazin- 1-yl] indazole A2d + A5c (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert- butyl ester + 5- Bromo-1-methyl- 1H-indazole 230 231 260

4-chloro-6-[(2S)- 2- methylpiperazin- 1-yl] pyrimidine A4 + A5a (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert- butyl ester + 4,6- Dichloro- pyrimidine 213 213 261

(2S)-1-(4,6- dichloro-2- pyridyl)-2- methyl-piperazine A4 + A5a (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert- butyl ester + 2,4,6-Trichloro- pyridine 246 246 262

(2S)-1-(2,6- dichloro-4- pyridyl)-2- methyl-piperazine A4 + A5a (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert- butyl ester + 2,4,6-Trichloro- pyridine 246 246 263

3-chloro-5-[(2S)- 2- methylpiperazin- 1-yl] pyridazine A4 + A5a (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 3,5-Dichloro- pyridazine 213 213 264

2-chloro-4-[(2S)- 2- methylpiperazin- 1-yl] pyrimidine A4 + A5a (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert- butyl ester + 2,4- Dichloro- pyrimidine 213 213 265

N,N-dimethyl-2- piperazin-1-yl- aniline A7 piperazine + (2- Bromo-phenyl)- dimethyl-amine 205 N.A. 266

1-(3-fluoro-2- methyl- phenyl)piperazine A7 piperazine + 1- Bromo-3-fluoro- 2-methyl-benzene 194 195 267

1-(4-fluoro-2- methyl- phenyl)piperazine A7 piperazine + 1- Bromo-4-fluoro- 2-methyl-benzene 194 195 268

1-(5-fluoro-3- pyridyl)piperazine A2a + A5a Piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 3-Bromo-5- fluoro-pyridine 181 N.A. 269

1-(5-chloro-3- pyridyl)piperazine A8 piperazine + 3- Chloro-5-fluoro- pyridine 198 198- 200 270

1-(5-bromo-3- pyridyl)piperazine A8 piperazine + 3- Bromo-5-fluoro- pyridine 242 242- 244 271

1-(3-chloro-5- fluoro- phenyl)piperazine A2a + A5a Piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 1-Bromo-3- chloro-5-fluoro- benzene 215 215- 217 272

1-(4-chloro-5- fluoro-2-methyl- phenyl)piperazine A7 Piperazine + 1- Bromo-4-chloro- 5-fluoro-2- methyl-benzene 229 229- 231 273

1-(4,5-difluoro-2- methyl- phenyl)piperazine A7 Piperazine + 1- Bromo-4,5- difluoro-2- methyl-benzene 212 213 274

3-piperazin-1- ylbenzonitrile A8 Piperazine + 3- Fluoro- benzonitrile 187 N.A. 275

(2S)-1-(4-chloro- 5-fluoro-2- methyl-phenyl)-2- methyl-piperazine A2a + A5a (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + l-bromo-2- methyl-4-chloro- 5-fluoro benzene 243 N.A. 276

(2R)-1-(3,5- difluorophenyl)- 2-methyl- piperazine A2a + A5a (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 1-bromo-3,5- difluoro benzene 212 213 277

(2S)-1-(4-chloro- 3,5-difluoro- phenyl)-2-methyl- piperazine A2a + A5b (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert- butyl ester + 1- bromo-3,5- difluoro-4- chlorobenzene 247 N.A. 278

1-(4-chloro-3,5- dimethyl- phenyl)piperazine A2a + A5b Piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 5-bromo-2- chloro-1,4- dimethyl benzene 225 225- 227 279

1-(4,5-dichloro-2- methyl- phenyl)piperazine A2a + A5a Piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 3,4-dichloro-6- bromotoluene 245 N.A 280

(2S)-1-(4-chloro- 3,5-dimethyl- phenyl)-2-methyl- piperazine A2a + A5a Piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 5-bromo-2- chloro-1,3- dimethyl benzene 239 239 281

(2S)-1-(4,5- dichloro-2- methyl-phenyl)-2- methyl-piperazine A2a + A5a (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 3,4-dichloro-6- bromotoluene 259 N.A. 282

1-(4-chloro-2- fluoro-5-methyl- phenyl) piperazine A2a + A5a Piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert- butyl ester + 1- Bromo-4-chloro- 2-fluoro-5- methylbenzene 229 N.A. 283

1-(3-chloro-5- fluoro-2-methyl- phenyl)piperazine A2a + A5c Piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + Int 287 229 N.A. 284

1-(4-chloro-3- methyl- phenyl)piperazine A2a + A5a Piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 5-bromo-2-chloro toluene 211 211- 213 285

5-bromo-2- chloro-N,N- dimethyl-aniline 2.31 1-bromo-4- chloro-3-fluoro- benzene 235 234- 236 286

N-(5-bromo-2- chloro-phenyl)-N- methyl-acetamide 2.32 3-bromo-6- chloroaniline 263 262- 264 287

1-bromo-3- chloro-5-fluoro-2- methyl-benzene 2.33 2-chloro-4- fluorotoluene 223 N.A. 288

2-Methyl-4-oxo- pentanoic acid tert-butyl ester C1 step ii + step iii 3-Oxo-butyric acid benzyl ester 186 N.A. 289

trans 2-Methyl-3-(4- methyl-2,5-dioxo- imida zolidin-4-yl)- propionic acid tert-butyl ester F Int 288 256 N.A. 290

4-Cyclo- propyl-4-oxo- butyric acid tert- butyl ester 2.34 1- cyclopropyl- ethanone 198 N.A. 291

1-[4-(3,5- dichlorophenyl) piperazin-1-yl]-4- (2-pyridyl)butane- 1,4-dione H3 4-oxo-4-pyridin- 2ylbutyric acid + 1-(3,5- dichlorophenyl) piperazine 392 392- 394 292

1-[4-(3,5- dichlorophenyl) piperazin-1-yl]-2- methyl-pentane- 1,4-dione D2b Int 001 + acetaldehyde 343 343- 345 293

5-benzyloxy-1-[4- (3,5- dichlorophenyl) piperazin-1-yl]-2- methyl-pentane- 1,4-dione D2b Int 001 + Benzyloxy- acetaldehyde 449 449- 451 294

2- (benzyloxymethyl)- 1-[4-(3,5- dichlorophenyl) piperazin-1- yl]pentane-1,4- dione H2 Int 138+ 1-(3,5- dichlorophenyl) piperazine 449 449- 451 295

1-[4-(3,5- dichlorophenyl) piperazin-1-yl]-2- (methoxymethyl) pentane-1,4-dione E Int 121 + Bromo- methoxy-methane 373 373- 375 296

1-[4-(3,5- dichlorophenyl) piperazin-1-yl]-2- isopropyl- pentane-1,4-dione E Int 121 + 2- Chloro-propane 371 371- 373 297

1-[4-(3,5- dichlorophenyl) piperazin-1-yl]-2- methoxy-4- methyl-pent-4-en- 1-one H3 Int 154+ 1-(3,5- dichlorophenyl) piperazine 357 357- 359 298

1-[4-(3,5- dichlorophenyl) piperazin-1-yl]-2- methoxy-pentane- 1,4-dione D4 Int 297 359 359- 361 299

Trans 5-2- (benzyloxymethyl)- 3-[(3S)-4-(3- chloro-4-fluoro- phenyl)-3-methyl- piperazin-1-yl]-3- oxo-propyl]-5- methyl- imidazolidine- 2,4-dione H2 Int 135 + Int 198 517 N.A. 300

1-[(3S)-4-(3- chloro-4-fluoro- phenyl)-3-methyl- piperazin-1-yl]-4- (6-methyl-2- pyridyl)butane- 1,4-dione D2a Int 006 + 6- Methyl-pyridine- 2-carbaldehyde 404 404- 406 301

1-[(3S)-4-(3- chloro-4-fluoro- phenyl)-3-methyl- piperazin-1- yl]pentane-1,4- dione H2 levulinic acid + Int 198 327 302

1-[(3S)-4-(3- chloro-4-fluoro- phenyl)-3-methyl- piperazin-1-yl]-2- (methoxymethyl) pentane-1,4-dione E Int 301 + Bromo- methoxy-methane 371 371- 373 303

1-[(3S)-4-(3- chloro-4-fluoro- phenyl)-3-methyl- piperazin-1-yl]-2- methoxy-4- methyl-pent-4-en- 1-one H3 Int 154 + Int 198 355 355- 357 304

1-[(3S)-4-(3- chloro-4-fluoro- phenyl)-3-methyl- piperazin-1-yl]-2- methoxy-pentane- 1,4-dione D4 Int 303 357 N.A. 305

1-[(3S)-4-(3- chloro-5-fluoro- phenyl)-3-methyl- piperazin-1- yl]pentane-1,4- dione H2 levulinic acid + Int 206 327 327- 329 306

1-[(3S)-4-(3- chloro-5-fluoro- phenyl)-3-methyl- piperazin-1-yl]-2- (methoxymethyl) pentane-1,4-dione E Int 305 + Bromo- methoxy-methane 371 371- 373 307

1-[(3S)-4-(3- chloro-4-fluoro- phenyl)-3-methyl- piperazin-1-yl]-4- (2-pyridyl)butane- 1,4-dione H3 4-oxo-4-pyridin- 2ylbutyric acid + Int 198 390 390- 392 308

1-[(3S)-4-(3,5- dichlorophenyl)- 3-methyl- piperazin-1-yl]-4- (2-pyridyl)butane- 1,4-dione H3 4-oxo-4-pyridin- 2ylbutyric acid + Int 197 406 406- 408 309

1-[(3S)-4-(3,5- dichlorophenyl)- 3-methyl- piperazin-1-yl]-4- oxazol-4-yl- butane-1,4-dione D2a Int 008 + Oxazole-4- carbaldehyde 396 396- 398 310

(2S)-1-(4-chloro- 3-isopropyl- phenyl)-2-methyl- piperazine A2a + A5a (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 1-bromo-3- isopropyl-4- chlorobenzene 253 253 311

(2S)-1-(4-chloro- 3-methyl-phenyl)- 2-methyl- piperazine A2a + A5b (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 5-bromo-2-chloro toluene 225 225- 227 312

(2S)-1-(4-chloro- 3-ethyl-phenyl)- 2-methyl- piperazine A2a + A5a (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 1-bromo-3-ethyl- 4-chloro benzene 239 239 313

tert-butyl 6-[(3S)- 4-(4-chloro-3- ethyl-phenyl)-3- methyl-piperazin- 1-yl]-3,6-dioxo- hexanoate H2 Int 129 +Int 312 437 437- 439 314

(2S)-1-[4-chloro- 3- (trifluoromethyl) phenyl]-2-methyl- piperazine A2a + A5a (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 4-bromo-1- chloro-2- trifluoromethyl benzene 279 279 315

tert-butyl 2-[4-[3- [(3S)-4-(4-chloro- 3-ethyl-phenyl)- 3-methyl- piperazin-1-yl]-3- oxo-propyl]-2,5- dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl]acetate F Int 313 507 507- 509 316

(2S)-1-[4-chloro- 3- (difluoromethyl) phenyl]-2-methyl- piperazine A2a + A5a (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 4-bromo-1- chloro-2- (difluoromethyl) benzene (CAS 627527-07-5) 261 261- 263 317

tert-butyl 7-[(3S)- 4-(4-chloro-3- ethyl-phenyl)-3- methyl-piperazin- 1-yl]-4,7-dioxo- heptanoate 2.36 1,6- dioxaspiro[4.4]no nane-2,7-dione + Int 313 451 451- 453 318

4-bromo-1- chloro-2- (fluoromethyl) benzene 2.37 5-bromo-2- chloro- benzaldehyde 223 N.A 319

(2S)-1-[4-chloro- 3- (fluoromethyl) phenyl]-2-methyl- piperazine A2A + A5b (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 4-bromo-1- chloro-2- (fluoromethyl) benzene Int 318 243 243 320

(2S)-1-(4-chloro- 3,5-difluoro- phenyl)-2-methyl- piperazine A2A + A5b (S)-3-Methyl- piperazine-1- carboxylic acid tert-butyl ester + 1-bromo-3,5- difluoro-4- chlorobenzene 247 N.A.

TABLE III Illustrative compounds of the invention trans:

Cpd Structure MW Ms’d Mtd SM 001

330 331 H5 3-(4-Methyl-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + 1-Phenyl-piperazine 002

365 365 H5 3-(4-Methyl-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + 1-(4-Chloro-phenyl)- piperazine 003

365 365-367 H5 3-(4-Methyl-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + 1-(3-chlorophenyl) piperazine 004

392 393 H5 3-(2,5-Dioxo-4-phenyl- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + 1-Phenyl-piperazine 005

427 427-429 H5 3-(2,5-Dioxo-4-phenyl- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + 1-(4-Chloro-phenyl)- piperazine 006

427 427-429 H3 3-(2,5-Dioxo-4-phenyl- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + 1-(3-chlorophenyl) piperazine 007

406 407 H1 3-(2,5-Dioxo-4-phenyl- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + 1-(o-tolyl)piperazine dihydrochloride 008

421 421 H1 3-(2,5-Dioxo-4-phenyl- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + 1-(2,3-Dimethylphenyl) piperazine 009

443 443 H1 3-(2,5-Dioxo-4-phenyl- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + 1-(2-naphthyl) piperazine dihydrochloride 010

445 445 H1 3-(2,5-Dioxo-4-phenyl- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + 1-(4-Chloro-3- fluorophenyl) piperazine 011

358 359 H1 3-(4-Methyl-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + 1-(2,3-Dimethyl phenyl)piperazine 012

344 345 H1 3-(4-Methyl-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + 1-(o-tolyl)piperazine dihydrochloride 013

441 441-443 H1 3-(2,5-Dioxo-4-phenyl- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + 1-(4-chloro-2- methylphenyl)piperazine hydrochloride 014

444 444 H1 3-(2,5-Dioxo-4-phenyl- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + 6-(1-piperazinyl)- isoquinoline hydrochloride 015

444 444 H1 3-(2,5-Dioxo-4-phenyl- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + 2-piperazin-1-yl- quinoline 016

379 379-381 H1 3-(4-Methyl-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + 1-(5-chloro-2-methyl- phenyl) piperazine 017

379 379-381 H2 3-(4-Methyl-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + 1-(4-chloro-2-methyl phenyl)piperazine hydrochloride 018

379 379-381 H1 3-(4-Methyl-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + 1-(3-chloro-2- methylphenyl)-piperazine 019

365 365 H1 3-(4-Methyl-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + 1-(2-chlorophenyl) piperazine hydrochloride 020

427 427 H1 3-(2,5-Dioxo-4-phenyl- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + 1-(2-chlorophenyl) piperazine hydrochloride 021

441 441-443 H1 3-(2,5-Dioxo-4-phenyl- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + Int 196 022

421 421 H1 3-(2,5-Dioxo-4-phenyl- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + 1-(2,6-Dimethyl phenyl)piperazine 023

451 452 H1 3-(2,5-Dioxo-4-phenyl- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + 1-(3-methyl-4-nitro phenyl)piperazine 024

441 441-443 H1 3-(2,5-Dioxo-4-phenyl- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + 1-(5-chloro-2-methyl phenyl)-piperazine 025

432 433 H1 3-(2,5-Dioxo-4-phenyl- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + Int 246 026

450 450 H1 3-(2,5-Dioxo-4-phenyl- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + Int 247 027

406 407 2.9  Cpd 007 028

409 409-411 H1 3-(4-Methyl-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + 1-(4-bromophenyl) piperazine 029

355 356 H1 3-(4-Methyl-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + 1-(2-cyanophenyl) piperazine 030

348 349 H1 3-(4-Methyl-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + 1-(2-fluorophenyl) piperazine 031

421 421 H1 3-(2,5-Dioxo-4-phenyl- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + 1-(2,4-Dimethylphenyl) piperazine 032

372 373 F Int 029 033

407 407-409 F Int 030 034

391 391-393 F Int 031 035

370 371 F Int 032 036

405 405-407 F Int 033 037

366 367 H1 3-(4-Methyl-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + 1-(3,4-difluorophenyl) piperazine 038

358 359 H1 3-(4-Methyl-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + 1-(2,4-Dimethyl phenyl)piperazine 039

358 359 H1 3-(4-Methyl-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + 1-(2,5-Dimethyl phenyl)piperazine 040

399 399-401 H1 3-(4-Methyl-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + 1-(3,5-dichloro phenyl)piperazine 041

399 399-401 H1 3-(4-Methyl-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + 1-(2,3-dichloro phenyl)-piperazine 042

331 332 H1 3-(4-Methyl-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + 1-(2-pyridyl) piperazine 043

331 332 H1 3-(4-Methyl-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + 1-Pyridin-3-yl-piperazine 044

422 422-424 F Int 109 045

393 394 H1 3-(2,5-Dioxo-4-phenyl- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + 1-Pyridin-3-yl-piperazine 046

442 442-44  F Int 025 047

348 349 H1 3-(4-Methyl-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + 1-(3-fluorophenyl) piperazine 048

409 409-411 H1 3-(4-Methyl-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + 1-(3-bromophenyl) piperazine 049

383 383-385 H1 3-(4-Methyl-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + 1-(4-Chloro-3- fluorophenyl) piperazine 050

373 375 H1 3-(4-Methyl-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + Int 265 051

362 363 H1 3-(4-Methyl-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + Int 204 052

383 383-385 H1 3-(4-Methyl-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + 1-(3-Chloro-4-fluoro phenyl)piperazine dihydrochloride 053

393 393-395 F Int 074 054

427 427-429 F Int 075 055

425 425-427 F Int 045 056

428 428-430 F Int 026 057

384 385 F Int 082 058

456 456-458 F Int 086 059

337 338 H3 3-(4-Methyl-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + 1-Thiazol-2-yl-piperazine 060

362 363 H1 3-(4-Methyl-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + Int 266 061

362 363 H1 3-(4-Methyl-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + Int 267 062

406 407 H1 3-(2,5-Dioxo-4-phenyl- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + 2-Methyl-1-phenyl piperazine 063

344 345 H1 3-(4-Methyl-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + 2-Methyl-1-phenyl piperazine 064

407 408 F Int 027 065

442 442-444 F Int 028 066

348 349 H3 3-(4-Methyl-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + 1-(4-fluoropheny1) piperazine 067

399 399-401 H3 3-(4-Methyl-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + 1-(3,4-dichloro phenyl)piperazine hydrochloride 068

393 394 H1 Int 132 + 1-Phenyl-piperazine 069

422 422 H1 Int 132 + 1-(2,3-Dimethyl-phenyl)- piperazine 070

405 405-407 F Int 034 071

419 419-421 F Int 035 072

433 433-435 F Int 111 073

447 393 F Int 080 074

461 461-463 H1 3-[4-(4-Chloro-phenyl)- 2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-4- yl] propionic acid + 1-(3-chlorophenyl) piperazine 075

475 475-477 H1 3-[4-(4-Chloro-phenyl)- 2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-4- yl]-propionic acid + 1-(5-chloro-2- methylphenyl)-piperazine 076

441 441-443 H1 3-(2,5-Dioxo-4-p-tolyl- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + 1-(3-chloro phenyl)piperazine 077

455 455 H1 3-(2,5-Dioxo-4-p-tolyl- imidazolidin-4-yl)- propionic acid + 1-(5-chloro-2- methylphenyl)-piperazine 078

457 457 H1 3-[4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)- 2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-4- yl]-propionic acid + 1-(3-chlorophenyl) piperazine 079

471 471-473 H1 3-[4-(4-Methoxy-phenyl)- 2,5-dioxo-imidazolidin-4- yl]-propionic acid + 1-(5-chloro-2- methylphenyl)-piperazine 080

514 514 F Int 088 081

494 494 F Int 089 082

464 464 F Int 087 083

484 484 F Int 090 084

349 350 H3 3-(4-Methyl-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + Int 268 085

366 366-368 H3 3-(4-Methyl-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + Int 269 086

410 410-412 H3 3-(4-Methyl-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + Int 270 087

422 422 F Int 076 088

422 422 H3 Int 132 + 1-(2,5-Dimethylphenyl) piperazine 089

384 386 F Int 077 090

429 430 H1 Int 132 + 1-(3,4-difluoro phenyl)piperazine 091

446 446-448 H1 Int 132 + 1-(3-Chloro-4- fluorophenyl)piperazine dihydrochloride 092

425 426 H1 Int 132 + Int 204 093

397 397 H1 3-(4-Methyl-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + Int 272 094

380 381 H1 3-(4-Methyl-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + Int 273 095

429 430 F Int 083 096

446 446-448 F Int 084 097

425 426 H3 Int 132 + 1-(3-fluoro-2- methylphenyl)-piperazine 098

405 405-407 F Int 036 099

388 389 F Int 037 100

425 426 F Int 038 101

422 422 F Int 039 102

442 442-444 H3 Int 132 + 1-(3-chloro-2- methylphenyl)-piperazine 103

411 412 F Int 112 104

425 426 F Int 113 105

407 408 H3 Int 132 + 2-methyl-1-phenyl piperazine 106

370 371 H1 Int 162 + 2-methyl-1- phenylpiperazine 107

407 407 F Int 091 108

421 421 F Int 092 109

419 419 F Int 093 110

433 433 F Int 094 111

462 462-464 H1 Int 132 + 1-(3,5-dichloro phenyl)piperazine 112

411 412 H1 Int 132 + 1-(3-fluoro phenyl)piperazine 113

392 393 H1 Int 162 + 1-(3,4-difluoro phenyl)piperazine 114

409 409-411 H1 Int 162 + 1-(3-Chloro-4- fluorophenyl) piperazine dihydrochloride 115

374 375 H1 Int 162 + 1-(3-fluorophenyl) piperazine 116

388 389 H1 Int 162 + Int 204 117

383 383-385 H3 3-(4-Methyl-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + Int 271 118

408 408 F Int 013 119

387 388 F Int 015 120

422 422-424 F Int 014 121

trans 405 405-407 F Int 040 122

379 379-381 F Int 041 123

457 457-459 F Int 042 124

505 505-507 F Int 043 125

452 452-454 F Int 044 126

442 442-444 H1 Int 132 + Int 220 127

476 476-478 H1 Int 132 + Int 218 128

370 371 H1 Int 162 + Int 219 129

402 403 H1 Int 162 + Int 217 130

439 439-441 H1 Int 162 + Int 218 131

406 407 H1 3-(2,5-Dioxo-4- phenylimidazolidin-4- yl)propanoic acid + Int 219 132

491 491-493 H1 3-[4-(5-Chloro-2- methoxy-phenyl)-2,5- dioxo-imidazolidin-4-yl]- propionic acid + 1-(3- chlorophenyl)piperazine 133

505 505-507 H1 3-[4-(5-Chloro-2- methoxy-phenyl)-2,5- dioxo-imidazolidin-4-yl]- propionic acid + 1-(5-chloro-2- methylphenyl)-piperazine 134

407 408 H1 Int 132 + Int 219 135

370 371 H1 Int 162 + Int 212 136

407 408 H1 Int 132 + Int 212 137

406 407 H1 3-(2,5-Dioxo-4-phenyl- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + Int 212 138

356 357 H1 Int 162 + 1-Phenyl-piperazine 139

413 413-415 H1 3-(4-Methyl-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + Int 242 140

366 367 H1 3-(4-Methyl-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + Int 236 141

441 441 F Int 095 142

439 439-441 H1 Int 162 + Int 197 143

379 379-381 H1 3-(4-Methyl-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + Int 205 144

413 413-415 H1 3-(4-Methyl-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + Int 197 145

376 377 H1 3-(4-Methyl-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + Int 208 146

457 457-459 F Int 078 147

405 405-407 H1 Int 162 + Int 205 148

402 403 H1 Int 162 + Int 208 149

388 389 H1 Int 162 + Int 240 150

405 405-407 H1 Int 162 + Int 241 151

388 389 H1 Int 162 + Int 202 152

405 405-407 H1 Int 162 + Int 200 153

482 482 H1 3-[2,5-Dioxo-4-(2-oxo- 2,3-dihydro-1H-indol-5- yl)-imidazolidin-4-yl]- propionic acid + 1-(3- chlorophenyl)piperazine 154

452 452 F Int 016 155

450 450 F Int 017 156

380 381 H1 3-(4-Methyl-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + Int 207 157

362 363 H1 3-(4-Methyl-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + Int 202 158

379 379-381 H1 3-(4-Methyl-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + Int 200 159

399 399-401 H1 Int 172 + 1-(3,5- dichlorophenyl)piperazine 160

406 407 H1 Int 162 + Int 207 161

406 407 H1 Int 162 + Int 199 162

423 423-425 H1 Int 162 + Int 213 163

423 423-425 H1 Int 162 + Int 198 164

397 397 H1 3-(4-Methyl-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4-yl) propionic acid + Int 213 165

380 381 H1 3-(4-Methyl-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4-yl) propionic acid + Int 199 166

397 397 H1 3-(4-Methyl-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4-yl) propionic acid + Int 198 167

439 439-441 H1 Int 162 + Int 201 168

413 413-415 H1 3-(4-Methyl-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4-yl) propionic acid + Int 201 169

423 423-425 H1 Int 162 + Int 206 170

397 397-399 H1 3-(4-Methyl-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4-yl)- propionic acid + Int 206 171

380 380 I2 Int 018 172

trans 439 439-441 F Int 046 173

425 425-427 H1 Int 163 + 1-(3,5-dichlorophenyl) piperazine 174

trans 402 403-404 F Int 047 175

trans 376 377 F Int 048 176

trans 419 419-421 F Int 101 177

453 453-455 H1 Int 162 + Int 211 178

427 427-429 H1 3-(4-Methyl-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + Int 211 179

trans 393 393-395 F Int 102 180

414 414-416 I2 Int 019 181

504 504-506 I3 Cpd 180 182

457 457-459 2.1  Cpd 188 183

443 443-445 2.1  Cpd 188 184

470 470 I3 Cpd 171 185

385 386 H1 Int 162 + N-methyl-2-piperazin-1- ylaniline 186

429 429-431 F Int 020 187

500 500-502 H1 Cpd 183 + 2-Methoxy-ethylamine 188

499 499-501 2.2  succininc anhydride + 1-(3,5-dichloro phenyl)piperazine 189

486 486-488 2.3  Cpd 182 + 2-Amino-ethanol 190

trans 402 403 F Int 049 191

trans 420 421 H2 Int 164 + Int 199 192

trans 437 437-439 F Int 050 193

trans 419 419-421 F Int 051 194

trans 437 437-439 F Int 052 195

381 382 H1 Int 162 + Int 274 196

trans 454 454-456 I2 Int 096 197

trans 473 473-475 F Int 098 198

trans 597 596-598 F Int 099 199

trans 483 483-485 F Int 097 200

399 399-401 F Int 055 201

441 441-443 F Int 053 202

411 411 H2 3-(4-Methyl-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + Int 275 203

388 389 H2 Int 163 + Int 202 204

439 439-441 H3 Int 163 + Int 197 205

406 407 H2 Int 163 + Int 199 206

455 455-457 F Int 056 207

439 439-441 H2 Int 163 + (S)-1-(3,4-Dichloro- phenyl)-2-methyl- piperazine 208

trans 496 796-798 I2 Cpd 198 209

399 400 H1 Int 162 + N,N-dimethyl-3- piperazine-1-yl aniline trihydrochloride 210

trans 442 442-444 I2 Int 100 211

trans 380 381 H2 Int 165 + 1-(3,4-difluoro phenyl)piperazine 212

420 421 2.10 Cpd 191 213

trans 394 395 H2 Int 165 + Int 207 214

trans 393 393-395 H2 Int 165 + Int 200 215

trans 376 377 H2 Int 165 + Int 202 216

trans 390 391 H2 Int 165 + Int 208 217

trans 358 359 H2 Int 165 + Int 212 218

trans 505 505-507 2.4  Cpd 197 219

trans 399 399-401 H2 Int 151 + 1-(3,5-dichloro phenyl)piperazine 220

trans 429 429-431 H2 + F + I4 Int 138 + 1-(3,5-dichloro phenyl)piperazine 221

trans 501 501-503 F Int 063 222

trans 443 443-445 H2 Int 156 + 1-(3,5- dichlorophenyl)piperazine 223

456 456-458 I1 Cpd 180 224

trans 410 411 H2 Int 156 + 1-(3,4-difluoro phenyl)piperazine 225

trans 424 425 H2 Int 156 + Int 207 226

trans 424 425 H2 Int 156 + Int 199 227

trans 471 471 H2 Int 156 + Int 211 228

trans 420 421 H2 Int 156 + Int 208 229

trans 406 407 H2 Int 156 + Int 202 230

trans 406 407 H2 Int 156 + Int 204 231

trans 476 476-478 H2 Int 159 + 1-(3,5-dichloro phenyl)piperazine 232

trans 437 437-439 H2 Int 156 + Int 216 233

trans 423 423-425 H2 Int 156 + Int 200 234

trans 522 522 F Int 067 235

trans 510 510 F Int 069 236

trans 427 427-429 F Int 061 237

trans 407 407-409 H2 Int 165 + Int 216 238

trans 507 507-509 F Int 064 239

trans 536 536 F Int 068 240

trans 421 422 I2 Cpd 234 241

trans 409 410 I2 Cpd 235 242

trans 498 498-500 H2 Int 186 + 1-(3,5-dichloro phenyl)piperazine 243

trans 441 441 H2 Int 165 + Int 243 244

trans 471 471 H2 Int 156 + Int 243 245

trans 474 474 H2 Int 159 + Int 198 246

trans 512 512-514 H2 Int 186 + Int 197 247

trans 435 436 I2 Cpd 239 248

trans 463 464 I1 Cpd 240 249

trans 478 478 I1 Cpd 247 250

413 412-414-416 H2 3-(4-Methyl-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + Int 279 251

trans 380 381 H2 Int 151 + Int 199 252

trans 518 518-520 H2 Int 145 + 1-(3,5-dichloro phenyl) piperazine 253

trans 516 516-518 H2 Int 145 + Int 198 254

trans 438 438-440 F Int 065 255

406 407 2.5  Int 163 + Int 207 256

407 407-409 H2 Int 162 + Int 260 257

440 440-442 H2 Int 162 + Int 261 258

440 440-442 H2 Int 162 + Int 262 259

371 372 H2 Int 162 + Int 221 260

406 406-408 H2 Int 162 + Int 215 261

389 390 H2 Int 162 + Int 214 262

427 426-428-430 H2 3-(4-Methyl-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + Int 281 263

trans 439 440 H2 Int 159 + Int 202 264

trans 457 458 H2 Int 159 + Int 199 265

411 411-413 2.11 Cpd 405 266

trans 390 391 H2 Int 169 + Int 202 267

397 397-399 H2 3-(4-Methyl-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + Int 282 268

trans 392 393 I4 Int 062 269

trans 456 456-458 H2 Int 159 + Int 200 270

449 449-451 H2 Int 162 + Int 244 271

trans 441 441 H2 Int 165 + Int 245 272

trans 471 471 H2 Int 156 + Int 245 273

448 449 I6 Cpd 270 + Pyridine-3-boronic acid 274

409 410 H2 Int 162 + Int 257 275

trans 359 360 H2 Int 165 + Int 221 276

trans 394 394-936 H2 Int 165 + Int 215 277

trans 377 378 H2 Int 165 + Int 214 278

357 358 H2 Int 162 + 1-(4-pyridyl) piperazine 279

trans 445 445-447 H2 Int 156 + Int 203 280

410 411 H1 Int 162 + Int 249 281

448 449 I6 Cpd 270 + Pyridine-4-boronic acid 282

437 437 I6 Cpd 270 + Pyrazole-4-boronic acid 283

451 451 I6 Cpd 270 + 1-Methyl-1H-pyrazole-4- boronic acid 284

407 407-409 H1 Int 162 + Int 226 285

407 407-409 H1 Int 162 + Int 227 286

372 373 H1 Int 162 + Int 228 287

474 474-476 F Int 059 288

460 460-462 F Int 060 289

422 422 H1 Int 162 + Int 250 290

424 425 H1 Int 162 + Int 251 291

424 425 H1 Int 162 + Int 252 292

trans 406 407 F Int 066 293

397 397-399 H4 3-(4-Methyl-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4- yl)propionic acid + Int 283 294

trans 392 393 F Int 057 295

trans 427 427-429 F Int 058 296

410 411 H2 Int 162 + Int 258 297

425 425 H2 Int 162 + Int 259 298

402 403 H2 Int 162 + Int 210 299

402 403 H2 Int 162 + Int 224 300

388 389 H2 Int 162 + Int 209 301

407 407-409 H2 Int 162 + Int 264 302

372 373 2.35 Cpd 285 303

385 386 H2 Int 162 + Int 222 304

372 373 H2 Int 162 + Int 248 305

428 428 H1 Int 162 + Int 253 306

419 419-421 H2 Int 162 + Int 225 307

474 474-476 H1 Int 166 + Int 206 308

439 440 H1 Int 166 + Int 202 309

457 458 H1 Int 166 + Int 207 310

490 490-492 H1 Int 166 + Int 197 311

456 456-458 H1 Int 166 + Int 200 312

456 456-458 H1 Int 166 + Int 205 313

trans 403 404 H2 Int 164 + Int 214 314

trans 420 420-422 H2 Int 164 + Int 215 315

460 460-462 H2 Int 132 + Int 213 316

460 460-462 H2 Int 132 + Int 198 317

460 460-462 H2 Int 132 + Int 206 318

476 476-478 H2 Int 132 + Int 197 319

425 426 H2 Int 132 + Int 202 320

443 444 H2 Int 132 + Int 207 321

478 479 I6 Cpd 270 + 2-Methoxypyridine-4- boronic acid 322

482 482-484 I6 Cpd 270 + 5-Chloropyridine-3- boronic acid 323

462 462 I6 Cpd 270 + 2-Methyl-3-(4,4,5,5- tetramethyl- [1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)- pyridine 324

462 462 I6 Cpd 270 + 2-methyl-5- pyridinylboronic acid 325

406 406-408 H2 Int 162 + Int 229 326

461 461-463 H2 Int 142 + Int 206 327

444 445 H2 Int 142 + Int 207 328

424 424 H1 Int 162 + Int 254 329

462 462 I6 Cpd 270 + 2-Methyl-4-(4,4,5,5- tetramethyl- [1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)- pyridine 330

396 397 H2 Int 162 + Int 223 331

441 441-443 2.12 Cpd 406 332

444 445 H2 Int 182 + Int 207 333

425 425 H2 Int 162 + Int 230 334

413 414 H1 Int 162 + Int 255 335

511 512 F Int 072 336

473 474 F Int 070 337

425 425 H2 Int 162 + Int 231 338

455 455 H2 Int 162 + Int 232 339

trans 451 451 H2 Int 164 + Int 233 340

455 455 H2 Int 162 + Int 234 341

425 425 H2 Int 162 + Int 239 342

trans 399 400 H2 Int 164 + Int 222 343

trans 402 403 H2 Int 164 + Int 209 344

376 377 H2 Int 162 + Int 237 345

425 426 F Int 103 346

460 460-462 F Int 104 347

476 476-478 F Int 105 348

443 444 F Int 106 349

461 461-463 H2 Int 142 + Int 198 350

426 427 H2 Int 142 + Int 202 351

trans 385 386 H2 Int 164 + Int 221 352

376 377 H2 Int 162 + Int 238 353

465 466 I6 Cpd 270 + 3,5-dimethylpyrazole- 4-boronic acid, pinacol ester 354

446 447 F Int 012 355

451 452 I6 Cpd 270 + 3-methyl-1H-pyrazole-4- boronic acid pinacol ester 356

473 474 F Int 024 357

455 455 H2 Int 163 + Int 232 358

437 438 I6 Cpd 270 + 1H-pyrazole-3-boronic acid 359

trans 408 408 H2 Int 169 + Int 215 360

trans 391 392 H2 Int 169 + Int 214 361

446 447 F Int 108 362

433 434 F Int 107 363

trans 424 424 H2 Int 156 + Int 215 364

trans 407 408 H2 Int 156 + Int 214 365

trans 376 377 H2 Int 165 + Int 209 366

trans 406 407 H2 Int 156 + Int 209 367

457 458 F Int 073 368

451 451 I6 Cpd 270 + 1-Methyl-5-(4,4,5,5- tetramethyl- [1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)- 1H-pyrazole 369

466 466 I6 Cpd 270 + 3,5-Dimethyl-4-(4,4,5,5- tetramethyl- [1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)- isoxazole 370

479 479 I6 Cpd 270 + 1-Isopropyl-4-(4,4,5,5- tetramethyl- [1,3,2]dioxaborolan-2-yl)- 1H-pyrazole 371

trans 425 425 H2 Int 165 + Int 233 372

449 449 I5 Cpd 270 + 2-Iodo-pyrazine 373

407 407-409 H2 Int 162 + Int 263 374

374 375 H1 Int 162 + Int 256 375

trans 442 443 H4 Int 165 + Int 232 376

trans 473 473 H4 Int 156 + Int 232 377

449 449 I5 Cpd 270 + 5-Bromo-pyrimidine 378

trans 469 469 H4 Int 164 + Int 234 379

trans 469 469 H4 Int 164 + Int 232 380

trans 455 455 H4 Int 156 + Int 233 381

483 483 I5 Cpd 270 + 3-Chloro-6-iodo- pyridazine 382

444 445 H2 Int 139 + Int 207 383

474 474 H2 Int 174 + Int 206 384

490 490-492 H2 Int 174 + Int 197 385

439 440 H2 Int 174 + Int 202 386

457 458 H2 Int 174 + Int 207 387

447 448 F Int 079 388

450 450-452 F Int 085 389

463 463-465 H1 Int 179 + Int 206 390

379 379-381 H2 Int 172 + Int 284 391

422 422-424 H2 Int 172 + Int 192 392

408 408-410 H2 Int 172 + Int 193 393

344 345 H2 Int 172 + Int 194 394

446 447 F Int 022 395

447 448 F Int 023 396

461 462 F Int 115 397

446 447 F Int 114 398

372 373 H2 Int 172 + Int 195 399

trans 450 450 2.7  Cpd 247 400

407 407-409 H2 Int 172 + Int 280 401

393 393-395 H2 Int 172 + Int 278 402

466 466-468 2.8  Int 116 403

406 407 H1 Int 163 + Int 276 404

trans 429 429 H2 Int 165 + Int 277 405

trans 410 411 H2 Int 165 + Int 229 406

trans 441 441-443 H2 Int 156 + Int 229 407

462 462-464 F Int 291 408

439 439-441 H1 Int 162 + Int 201 409

trans 439 439.38-441.37 F Int 046 410

trans 413 413.36-415.36 F Int 292 411

trans 437 437-439 F Int 050 412

trans 419 419.45-421.42 F Int 051 413

trans 437 437-439 F Int 052 414

413 413-415 H1 Int 172 + Int 201 415

trans 519 519-521 F Int 293 416

439 439-441 H2 Int 163 + Int 201 417

trans 429 429-431 I4 Cpd 415 418

trans 411 411-413 H2 Int 165 + Int 206 419

trans 427 427-429 H2 Int 165 + Int 201 420

trans 427 427-429 H2 Int 165 + Int 197 421

trans 394 395 H2 Int 165 + Int 199 422

trans 411 411-413 H2 Int 165 + Int 198 423

trans 441 441-443 H2 Int 165 + Int 211 424

trans 519 519-521 F Int 294 425

trans 429 429-431 I4 Cpd 424 426

trans 501 501-503 F Int 063 427

trans 443 443-445 H2 Int 156 + 1-(3,5- dichlorophenyl)piperazine 428

trans 410 411 H2 Int 156 + 1-(3,4- difluorophenyl)piperazine 429

trans 457 457-459 H2 Int 156 + Int 197 430

trans 471 471 H2 Int 156 + Int 211 431

trans 441 441-443 H2 Int 156 + Int 206 432

trans 441 441-443 H2 Int 156 + Int 198 433

trans 423 423-425 H2 Int 156 + Int 196 434

trans 476 476-478 H2 Int 159 + 1-(3,5- dichlorophenyl)piperazine 435

trans 427 427-429 F Int 061 436

trans 443 443-445 F Int 295 437

trans 474 474 H2 Int 159 + Int 198 438

441 441-443 F Int 296 439

trans 429 429-431 F Int 298 440

413 412-414-416 H2 3-(4-Methyl-2,5-dioxo- imidazolidin-4-yl) propionic acid + Int 279 441

trans 397 397-399 H2 Int 151 + Int 198 442

trans 490 490-492 H2 Int 159 + Int 197 443

trans 427 427-429 I4 Int 299 444

trans 425 425-427 H2 Int 169 + Int 198 445

trans 425 425-427 H2 Int 169 + Int 206 446

trans 456 456-458 H2 Int 159 + Int 200 447

474 474-476 F Int 300 448

trans 445 445-447 H2 Int 156 + Int 203 449

trans 441 441-443 F Int 302 450

trans 427 427-429 F Int 304 451

trans 441 441-443 F Int 306 452

490 490-492 H1 Int 166 + Int 201 453

476 476-478 H2 Int 132 + Int 201 454

474 474-476 H1 Int 166 + Int 213 455

441 441-443 2.40 Cpd 432 456

trans 417 417 H2 Int 164 + Int 210 457

460 460-462 F Int 307 458

476 476-478 F Int 105 459

476 476-478 F Int 308 460

477 477-479 H2 Int 142 + Int 201 461

477 477 H2 Int 142 + Int 197 462

477 477-479 H2 Int 139 + Int 201 463

461 461-463 H2 Int 139 + Int 206 464

490 490-492 H2 Int 174 + Int 201 465

466 466-468 F Int 309 466

479 479-481 H1 Int 179 + Int 197 467

463 463-465 H1 Int 179 + Int 198 468

421 421-423 H2 Int 172 + Int 310 469

393 393-395 H2 Int 172 + Int 311 470

407 407-409 H2 Int 172 + Int 280 471

451 451-453 2.38 Int 315 472

447 447-449 H2 Int 172 + Int 314 473

484 484-486 H2 Int 166 + Int 312 474

429 429-431 H2 Int 172 + Int 316 475

521 521-523 F Int 317 476

411 411 H2 Int 172 + Int 319 477

465 465-467 2.39 Cpd 475 478

trans 491 491 H2 Int 156 + Int 314 479

trans 429 429 H2 Int 165 + Int 320 480

trans 459 459 H2 Int 156 + Int 320 481

trans 451 451 H2 Int 156 + Int 312

TABLE IV NMR of illustrative compounds of the invention Cpd NMR 003 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 10.61 (1H, s), 7.91 (1H, m), 7.22 (1H, t), 6.97-6.94 (1H, m), 6.90 (1H, dd), 6.80 (1H, dd), 3.60-3.49 (4H, m), 3.24-3.10 (4H, m), 2.42-2.31 (1H, m), 2.27-2.16 (1H, m), 1.82 (2H, t), 1.27 (3H, s) 006 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 10.81 (1H, s), 8.69 (1H, s), 7.53-7.48 (2H, m), 7.44- 7.38 (2H, m), 7.36-7.31 (1H, m), 7.22 (1H, t), 6.96-6.93 −1H, m), 6.89 (1H, dd), 6.80 (1H, dd), 3.58-3.40 (4H, m), 3.21-3.08 (4H, m), 2.40-2.11 (4H, m) 034 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 10.60 (1H, s), 7.70 (1H, m), 7.22 (1H, t), 6.98-6.94 (1H, m), 6.90 (1H, dd), 6.80 (1H, dd), 3.60-3.49 (4H, m), 3.25-3.10 (4H, m), 2.47-2.36 (1H, m), 2.33-2.21 (1H, m), 2.00-1.89 (2H, m), 1.14-1.05 (1H, m), 0.50-0.41 (1H, m), 0.41-0.27 (2H, m), 0.15-0.06 (1H, m) 049 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 10.61 (1H, s), 7.91 (1H, m), 7.35 (1H, t), 6.97 (1H, dd), 6.79 (1H, dd), 3.59-3.47 (4H, m), 3.27-3.10 (4H, m), 2.42-2.31 (1H, m), 2.27-2.15 (1H, m), 1.81 (2H, t), 1.27 (3H, s) 052 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 8.40 (1H, s), 7.04 (1H, t), 6.92 (1H, dd), 6.79-6.74 (1H, m), 6.15 (1H, s), 3.82-3.68 (2H, m), 3.64-3.54 (2H, m), 3.12-3.03 (4H, m), 2.41-2.35 (2H, m), 2.25-2.08 (2H, m), 1.48 (3H, s) 054 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 10.63 (1H, s), 7.85 (1H, s), 6.94 (2H, d), 6.87 (1H, t), 3.58-3.46 (4H, m), 3.30-3.16 (4H, m), 2.36-2.25 (1H, m), 2.20-2.09 (1H, m), 1.96-1.75 (3H, m), 0.89 (3H, d), 0.81 (3H, d) 059 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 8.56 (1H, s), 7.22 (1H, d), 6.62 (1H, d), 6.30 (1H, s), 3.83- 3.75 (1H, m), 3.75-3.67 (1H, m), 3.63-3.50 (4H, m), 3.48-3.42 (2H, m), 2.39 (2H, t), 2.25-2.08 (2H, m), 1.48 (3H, s) 067 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 10.61 (1H, s), 7.91 (1H, m), 7.41 (1H, d), 7.14 (1H, d), 6.94 (1H, dd), 3.62-3.46 (4H, m), 3.26-3.10 (4H, m), 2.43-2.30 (1H, m), 2.26-2.15 (1H, m), 1.81 (2H, t), 1.27 (3H, s) 088 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 11.0 (1H, s), 8.80 (1H, s), 8.71 (1H, d), 8.57 (1H, dd), 7.94-7.89 (1H, m), 7.56 (1H, dd), 7.04 (1H, d), 6.82-6.76 (2H, m), 3.60-3.43 (4H, m), 2.84- 2.68 (4H, m), 2.42-2.16 (4H, m), 2.23 (3H, s), 2.20 (3H, s) 113 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 10.60 (1H, s), 7.70 (1H, s), 7.26 (1H, q), 7.02 (1H, ddd), 6.79-6.69 (1H, m), 3.62-3.47 (4H, m), 3.19-3.01 (4H, m), 2.48-2.34 (1H, m), 2.34-2.19 (1H, m), 2.00-1.87 (2H, m), 1.15-1.03 (1H, m), 0.51-0.25 (3H, m), 0.15-0.03 (1H, m) 181 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 10.59 (1H, s), 7.72 (1H, s), 7.39-7.12 (5H, m), 6.94 (2H, s), 6.88 (1H, s), 3.74-3.62 (2H, m), 3.59-3.42 (4H, m), 3.29-3.12 (4H, m), 2.75-2.67 (2H, m), 2.40-2.27 (1H, m), 2.25-2.20 (2H, m), 1.88-1.69 (2H, m) 188 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 10.66 (1H, s), 7.92 (1H, s), 6.95 (2H, d), 6.88 (1H, t), 3.59-3.45 (4H, m), 3.30-3.15 (4H, m), 2.77 (1H, d), 2.48 (1H, d), 2.44-2.32 (1H, m), 2.28-2.16 (1H, m), 1.88-1.72 (2H, m), 1.36 (9H, s) 212 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d6) δ ppm 10.61 (1H, s), 7.60 (0.4H, s), 7.56 (0.6H, s), 7.25 (1H, q), 7.02-6.91 (1H, m), 6.74-6.65 (1H, m), 4.24-4.16 (0.6H, m), 4.04-3.97 (0.4H, m), 3.97-3.82 (1.4H, m), 3.75-3.67 (0.6H, m), 3.47-3.38 (0.6H, m), 3.37-3.21 (1.4H, m), 3.16-3.08 (0.4H, m), 3.00-2.73 (2.6H, m), 2.42-2.25 (1H, m), 1.70 (1H, dd), 1.10-0.94 (4H, m), 0.90 (3H, dd), 0.47- 0.21 (3H, m), 0.12-(−0.03) (1H, m) Rotamers ratio: 6:4 218 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, CDCl₃) δ ppm 8.71 (1H, s), 6.83 (1H, t), 6.74 (2H, d), 6.20 (1H, br. s), 3.90-3.77 (1H, m), 3.70-3.49 (3H, m), 3.26-3.08 (5H, m), 3.07-2.94 (1H, m), 2.91 (3H, s), 2.73-2.49 (2H, m), 2.35-2.13 (2H, m), 1.85 (1H, d), 1.13 (3H, d) 223 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 10.66 (1H, s), 7.91 (1H, t), 7.67 (1H, m), 6.95 (2H, s), 6.88 (1H, s), 3.60-3.42 (4H, m), 3.42-3.10 (6H, m), 2.44-2.28 (1H, m), 2.26-2.12 (1H, m), 1.88-1.74 (5H, m) 241 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 7.9-7.4 (1H, br. s), 7.26 (1H, q), 7.00 (1H, ddd), 6.77- 6.70 (1H, m), 3.72-3.41 (4H, m), 3.20-3.00 (4H, m), 2.72-2.61 (1H, m), 2.55-2.45 (1H, m), 2.43-2.34 (1H, m), 2.23 (1H, dd), 1.70-1.50 (3H, m), 0.96 (3H, d) 255 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆): δ (ppm) 0.06-0.14 (m, 1H), 0.28-0.40 (m, 2H), 0.42-0.49 (m, 1H), 0.91 (d, 1.5H), 0.97 (d, 1.5H), 1.04-1.14 (m, 1H), 1.88-2.03 (m, 2H), 2.20-2.33 (m, 1H), 2.37-2.52 (m, 1H), 2.81-3.05 (m, 2H), 3.21-3.29 (m, 0.5H), 3.40-3.49 (m, 1.5H), 3.65 (d, 0.5H), 3.80 (d, 0.5H), 4.10 (br. s., 1H), 4.17 (d, 0.5H), 4.29 (d, 0.5H), 6.44 (t, 1H), 6.50-6.60 (m, 2H), 7.70 (s, 0.5H), 7.74 (s, 0.5H), 10.61 (br. s., 1H) 281 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 10.62 (1H, br. s), 8.62 (2H, s), 7.78-7.64 (3H, m), 7.36 (1H, t), 7.24 (1H, s), 7.17 (1H, d), 7.05-6.98 (1H, m), 4.32-4.23 (0.5H, m), 4.20-4.10 (1.5H, m), 3.87-3.78 (0.5H, m), 3.68-3.60 (0.5H, m), 3.54-3.41 (1.5H, m), 3.37-3.30 (0.5H, m), 3.14- 2.90 (2H, m), 2.48-2.18 (2H, m), 2.02-1.92 (2H, m), 1.16-1.06 (1H, m), 0.96 (1.5H, d), 0.89 (1.5H, d), 0.50-0.41 (1H, m), 0.41-0.27 (2H, m), 0.15-0.05 (1H, m) 293 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 10.62 (1H, s), 7.93 (1H, s), 7.11 (1H, dd), 6.89 (1H, dd), 3.63-3.53 (4H, m), 2.88-2.76 (4H, m), 2.42-2.34 (1H, m), 2.26 (3H, s), 2.26-2.16 (1H, m), 1.82 (2H, t), 1.27 (3H, s) 302 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 10.62 (1H, s), 8.56-8.54 (1H, m), 7.78-7.71 (1H, m), 7.39 (1H, dd), 7.20 (1H, d), 4.66-4.52 (1H, m), 4.37-4.28 (0.5H, m), 4.23 (0.5H, d), 4.18-4.05 (1H, m), 3.90-3.83 (0.5H, m), 3.75-3.67 (0.5H, m), 3.45 (0.5H, dd), 3.32-3.13 (1H, m), 3.12- 2.95 (1H, m), 2.91-2.80 (0.5H, m), 2.49-2.21 (2H, m), 2.05-1.88 (2H, m), 1.15-1.05 (1H, m), 1.08 (1.5H, d), 1.00 (1.5H, d), 0.50-0.40 (1H, m), 0.40-0.26 (2H, m), 0.14-0.05 (1H, m) 372 ¹H NMR (400 MHz, DMSO-d₆) δ ppm 10.62 (1H, s), 9.25 (1H, d), 8.71-8.69 (1H, m), 8.60 (1H, d), 7.76-7.70 (1H, t), 7.65-7.61 (1H, m), 7.53 (1H, d), 7.39 (1H, t), 7.09-7.03 (1H, m), 4.33-4.26 (0.5H, m), 4.20-4.11 (1.5H, m), 3.88-3.80 (0.5H, m), 3.70-3.60 (0.5H, m), 3.55-3.36 (2H, m), 3.14-2.90 (2H, m), 2.48-2.20 (2H, m), 2.05-1.91 (2H, m), 1.17-1.03 (1H, m), 0.97 (1.5H, d), 0.90 (1.5H, d), 0.51-0.41 (1H, m), 0.41-0.27 (2H, m), 0.16-0.05 (1H, m)

BIOLOGICAL EXAMPLES Example 3. In Vitro Assays 3.1. hADAMTS-1

The basis for the assay is the cleavage of the substrate 5(6)-Fluorescein-NH-AELQGRPISIAK-5(6)-TAMRA (SEQ ID N°1) by human ADAMTS1

For the dose response (10 point), 4 μL of a dilution series of compound (2 mM highest concentration, 1/5 dilution in DMSO further diluted 1 in 10 in water corresponding to a final highest concentration of 20 μM), is transferred to 384 well Fluotrac 200 plate (Greiner, cat #781076) and incubated at room temperature for 30 min with a 26 μL buffer solution (50 mM MOPS pH7; 50 mM NaCl; 5 mM CaCl₂; 0.05% CHAPS; 5 μM ZnCl₂) containing hADAMTS1 (0.38 ng/μL, R&D SYSTEMS INC., Cat #2197-AD)) (it will be appreciated by the skilled person that the potency read out is independent of the enzyme concentration).

The reaction is initiated by adding to the assay plate 5(6)-Fluorescein-NH-AELQGRPISIAK-5(6)-TAMRA (SEQ ID N°1) (10 μL, 7 μM, Anaspec) in the same buffer.

Finally, the fluorescence is read on the Envision (Perkin Elmer) after an incubation of 120 min at 37° C. (Excitation 485 nm, Emission 535).

3.2. hADAMTS-4 3.2.1. Protocol 1

The basis for the assay is the cleavage of the substrate TBIS-1 (5-FAM-TEGEARGSVILLK (5TAMRA)K—NH₂) (SEQ ID N°2) by human ADAMTS4

For the dose response (10 point), 4 μL of a dilution series of compound (2 mM highest concentration, 1/5 dilution in DMSO further diluted 1 in 10 in water corresponding to a final highest concentration of 20 μM), is transferred to 384 well Fluotrac 200 plate (Greiner, cat #781076) and incubated at room temperature for 30 min with a 26 μL buffer solution (50 mM Hepes pH7.5, 100 mM NaCl, 5 mM CaCl₂, 0.1% CHAPS, 5% glycerol) containing hADAMTS4 (0.325 ng/μL) (it will be appreciated by the skilled person that the potency read out is independent of the enzyme concentration).

The reaction is initiated by adding to the assay plate TBIS-1 (10 μL, 4.5 μM, Anaspec) in the same buffer.

Finally, the fluorescence is read on the Envision (Perkin Elmer) after an incubation of 60 min at room temperature (Excitation 485 nm, emission 535).

3.2.2. Protocol 2

The basis for the assay is the cleavage of the substrate TBIS-1 (5 FAM-TEGEARGSVILLK (5TAMRA)K—NH₂) (SEQ ID N°2) by human ADAMTS4

For the dose response (10 point), 4 μL of a dilution series of compound (2 mM highest concentration, 1/5 dilution in DMSO further diluted 1 in 10 in water corresponding to a final highest concentration of 20 μM), is transferred to 384 well Fluotrac 200 plate (Greiner, cat #781076) and incubated at room temperature for 30 min with a 26 μL buffer solution (50 mM Hepes pH 7.5, 100 mM NaCl, 5 mM CaCl₂, 0.1% CHAPS) containing hADAMTS4 (0.38 ng/μL) (it will be appreciated by the skilled person that the potency read out is independent of the enzyme concentration).

The reaction is initiated by adding to the assay plate TBIS-1 (10 μL, 4.5 μM, Anaspec) in the same buffer.

Finally, the fluorescence is read on the Envision (Perkin Elmer) after an incubation of 180 min at 37° C. (Excitation 485 nm, emission 535).

3.3. Rat ADAMTS-5

The basis for the assay is the cleavage of the substrate TBIS-1 (5 FAM-TEGEARGSVILLK (5TAMRA)K—NH₂) (SEQ ID N°2) by rnADAMTS-5 (1-564-6H).

For the dose response (10 point), 4 μL of a dilution series of compound (2 mM highest concentration, 1/5 dilution in DMSO further diluted 1 in 10 in water, corresponding to a final highest concentration of 20 μM), is transferred to 384 well Fluotrac 200 plate (Greiner, cat #781076) and incubated at room temperature for 30 min with a 26 μL buffer solution (50 mM TRIS pH7.5, 100 mM NaCl, 5 mM CaCl₂, 0.1% CHAPS) containing rnADAMTS-5 (0.5 ng/μL) (it will be appreciated by the skilled person that the potency read out is independent of the enzyme concentration).

The reaction is initiated by adding to the assay plate TBIS-1 (10 μL, 4.5 μM, Anaspec) in the same buffer.

Finally, the fluorescence is read on the Envision (Perkin Elmer) after an incubation of 120 min at 37° C. (Excitation 485 nm, emission 535).

The IC₅₀ measured for illustrative compounds of the invention is reported in Table V below.

TABLE V Rat ADAMTS-5 potency of illustrative compounds of the invention Cpd IC₅₀ (nM) 1 730 2 361 3 323 4 66 5 101 6 107 7 272 8 157 9 331 10 41 11 1170 12 1160 13 966 14 784 15 >4000 16 329 17 >3940 18 930 19 >4000 20 1270 21 162 22 3900 23 158 24 132 27 124 33 178 34 41 35 103 36 29 40 234 46 42 47 236 49 141 51 508 53 179 54 91 55 37 56 72 57 117 64 165 65 65 66 1370 68 200 69 185 70 205 71 198 72 282 73 489 74 106 75 141 76 102 77 169 78 96 79 53 80 429 81 827 82 2090 83 436 84 637 85 1110 86 1790 87 113 88 119 89 72 90 70 91 69 92 64 93 >4000 94 3020 95 40 96 57 97 148 98 82 99 116 100 163 101 165 102 94 103 24 104 41 105 162 106 222 107 147 108 410 109 182 110 299 111 46 112 39 113 91 114 62 115 38 116 29 121 24 124 37 135 125 136 242 137 249 138 107 142 54 143 314 144 271 145 563 146 133 147 99 148 97 151 83 152 62 153 114 154 507 156 128 157 284 158 389 159 127 160 36 161 37 162 45 163 45 167 10 168 129 169 27 170 244 172 11 173 21 174 17 175 22 176 7 177 40 178 344 179 34 180 241 181 127 182 87 183 266 184 280 186 136 187 396 188 54 189 254 190 15 191 11 192 6 193 7 194 5 195 262 196 104 197 21 198 38 199 48 200 135 203 26 204 11 205 27 206 40 207 6 208 79 209 565 210 105 211 23 212 5 213 21 214 30 215 18 216 250 217 49 218 17 219 29 233 20 242 57 249 34 255 23 265 22 294 128 295 71 314 34 388 74 405 18 406 20

3.4. hADAMTS-5 3.4.1. Protocol 1

The basis for the assay is the cleavage of the substrate TBIS-1 (5 FAM-TEGEARGSVILLK (5TAMRA)K—NH₂) (SEQ ID N°2) by human ADAMTS-5.

For the dose response (10 point), 4 μL of a dilution series of compound (2 mM highest concentration, 1/5 dilution in DMSO further diluted 1 in 10 in water, corresponding to a final highest concentration of 20 μM), is transferred to 384 well Fluotrac 200 plate (Greiner, cat #781076) and incubated at room temperature for 30 min with a 26 μL buffer solution (50 mM Hepes pH7.5, 100 mM NaCl, 5 mM CaCl₂, 0.1% CHAPS, 5% glycerol) containing hADAMTS-5 (0.5 ng/μL) (it will be appreciated by the skilled person that the potency read out is independent of the enzyme concentration).

The reaction is initiated by adding to the assay plate TBIS-1 (10 μL, 4.5 μM, Anaspec) in the same buffer.

Finally, the fluorescence is read on the Envision (Perkin Elmer) after an incubation of 60 min at Room Temperature (Excitation 485 nm, emission 530).

3.4.2. Protocol 2

The basis for the assay is the cleavage of the substrate TBIS-1 (5 FAM-TEGEARGSVILLK (5TAMRA)K—NH₂) (SEQ ID N°2) by human ADAMTS-5.

For the dose response (10 point), 4 μL of a dilution series of compound (2 mM highest concentration, 1/5 dilution in DMSO further diluted 1 in 10 in water, corresponding to a final highest concentration of 20 μM), is transferred to 384 well Fluotrac 200 plate (Greiner, cat #781076) and incubated at room temperature for 30 min with a 26 μL buffer solution (50 mM Hepes pH7.5, 100 mM NaCl, 5 mM CaCl₂, 0.1% CHAPS 1) containing hADAMTS-5 (1 ng/μL, affinity purified, followed by overnight digestion of 6His tag by thrombin and dialysis) (it will be appreciated by the skilled person that the potency read out is independent of the enzyme concentration).

The reaction is initiated by adding to the assay plate TBIS-1 (10 μL, 4.5 μM, Anaspec) in the same buffer.

Finally, the fluorescence is read on the Envision (Perkin Elmer) after an incubation of 45 min at 37° C. (Excitation 485 nm, emission 530).

The IC₅₀ measured for illustrative compounds of the invention is reported in Table VI below.

TABLE VI hADAMTS-5 potency of illustrative compounds of the invention Cpd IC₅₀ (nM) 1 694 2 274 3 233 4 114 5 78 6 79 7 272 8 142 9 316 10 56 11 988 12 1300 13 836 14 897 15 >4000 16 301 17 2840 18 675 19 >4000 20 1280 21 166 22 >3790 23 157 24 93 25 138 26 706 27 90 28 209 29 >12000 30 >4000 31 1060 32 385 33 134 34 39 35 99 36 34 37 229 38 >4000 39 570 40 186 41 2660 42 >3980 43 1530 44 553 45 204 46 35 47 186 48 391 49 127 50 >4000 51 282 52 281 53 118 54 61 55 36 56 38 57 93 58 >20000 59 >20000 60 1160 61 2940 62 293 63 1240 64 125 65 50 66 1310 67 152 68 169 69 178 70 253 71 200 72 264 73 382 74 89 75 73 76 91 77 107 78 79 79 53 80 257 81 681 82 1740 83 423 84 815 85 1270 86 1700 87 137 88 119 89 94 90 85 91 95 92 63 93 >4080 94 2130 95 48 96 49 97 168 98 73 99 160 100 185 101 154 102 104 103 28 104 43 105 226 106 233 107 172 108 320 109 261 110 297 111 42 112 40 113 104 114 67 115 36 116 30 117 211 118 563 119 1740 120 690 121 15 122 341 123 95 124 48 125 53 126 106 127 96 128 1170 129 150 130 126 131 1260 132 37 133 108 134 1870 135 167 136 187 137 240 138 101 139 231 140 149 141 119 142 39 143 259 144 227 145 505 146 89 147 62 148 63 149 79 150 95 151 68 152 48 153 84 154 430 156 130 157 275 158 351 159 104 160 29 407 33.5

3.4.3. Protocol 3

The basis for the assay is the cleavage of the substrate TBIS-1 (5 FAM-TEGEARGSVILLK (5TAMRA)K—NH₂) (SEQ ID N°2) by human ADAMTS-5.

For the dose response (10 point), 4 μL of a dilution series of compound (2 mM highest concentration, 1/5 dilution in DMSO further diluted 1 in 10 in water, corresponding to a final highest concentration of 20 μM), is transferred to 384 well Fluotrac 200 plate (Greiner, cat #781076) and incubated at room temperature for 30 min with a 26 μL buffer solution (50 mM Hepes pH7.5, 100 mM NaCl, 5 mM CaCl₂, 0.1% CHAPS) containing hADAMTS-5 (0.63 ng/μL) (it will be appreciated by the skilled person that the potency read out is independent of the enzyme concentration).

The reaction is initiated by adding to the assay plate TBIS-1 (10 μL, 4.5 μM, Anaspec) in the same buffer.

Finally, the fluorescence is read on the Envision (Perkin Elmer) after an incubation of 90 min at 37° C. (Excitation 485 nm, emission 530).

The IC₅₀ measured for illustrative compounds of the invention is reported in Table VII below.

TABLE VII hADAMTS-5 potency of illustrative compounds of the invention Cpd IC₅₀ (nM) 1 1440 3 486 6 86 12 1554 19 >4000 29 >4000 30 >4000 34 73 40 243 50 >4000 51 920 53 148 55 69 75 61 98 127 99 534 102 184 112 58 115 106 116 51 118 711 120 1120 121 15 122 590 124 35 127 85 135 233 136 286 140 240 142 25 143 443 144 154 145 838 146 70 147 47 148 76 151 32 152 63 153 63 154 742 155 1250 156 188 157 241 158 364 159 126 160 32 161 54 162 39 163 40 164 236 165 207 166 264 167 19 168 76 169 30 170 170 171 305 172 17 173 22 174 21 175 25 176 16 177 78 178 577 179 94 180 177 181 97 182 104 183 235 184 272 185 >4000 186 110 187 456 188 53 189 256 190 22 191 20 192 11 193 23 194 11 195 318 196 102 197 26 198 52 199 62 200 109 201 307 202 724 203 46 204 16 205 26 206 60 207 12 208 126 209 836 210 108 211 48 212 12 213 30 214 61 215 37 216 305 217 59 218 20 219 41 220 18 221 110 222 20 223 70 224 14 225 28 226 22 227 105 228 109 229 31 230 24 231 20 232 47 233 27 234 28 235 16 236 15 237 106 238 141 239 46 240 194 241 232 242 66 243 >3890 244 2310 245 17 246 114 247 95 248 49 249 36 250 2150 251 94 252 67 253 35 254 71 255 20 256 1410 257 1570 258 1530 259 224 260 126 261 165 262 >4000 263 19 264 19 265 18 266 28 267 3080 268 62 269 19 270 76 271 1300 272 623 273 322 274 >4000 275 266 276 115 277 152 278 >20000 279 19 280 275 281 189 282 110 283 1080 284 >12000 285 892 286 >4000 287 52 288 72 289 97 290 2850 291 453 292 48 293 294 294 134 295 115 296 >4000 297 >3620 298 192 299 114 300 140 301 >20000 302 776 303 266 304 >4000 305 674 306 67 307 44 308 59 309 31 310 50 311 57 312 40 313 34 314 24 315 42 316 61 317 52 318 59 319 94 320 48 321 199 322 237 323 1240 324 407 325 796 326 52 327 45 328 >4000 329 134 330 >4000 331 14 332 61 333 3120 334 430 335 78 336 74 337 764 338 60 339 33 340 155 341 264 342 39 343 22 344 >20000 345 50 346 37 347 21 348 34 349 62 350 62 351 35 352 >20000 353 1640 354 >20000 355 200 356 40 357 25 358 953 359 83 360 119 361 51 362 50 363 76 364 92 365 72 366 36 367 44 368 257 369 1080 370 532 371 42 372 2390 373 1530 374 3080 375 30 376 52 377 700 378 22 379 18 380 47 381 1970 382 39 383 43 384 60 385 71 386 48 387 37 388 57 389 40 391 >4000 392 567 394 49 395 39 396 53 397 37 399 163 400 383 401 1120 402 732 403 168 404 19 405 22 406 26 407 25 408 19 409 17 410 22 411 11 412 13 413 11 414 40 415 28 416 12 417 22 418 33 419 23 420 32 421 38 422 21 423 58 424 53 425 18 426 110 427 20 428 14 429 53 430 105 431 30 432 26 433 21 434 20 435 15 436 22 437 17 438 56 439 43 440 2150 441 59 442 24 443 32 444 25 445 29 446 19 447 56 448 19 449 40 450 58 451 48 452 23 453 36 454 35 455 14 456 27 457 47 458 21 459 46 460 30 461 39 462 22 463 46 464 26 465 62 466 55 467 42 468 >4000 469 215 470 383 471 852 472 899 474 626 475 307 476 175 477 239 478 61 479 19 480 31 481 29

3.5. hTACE

The basis for the assay is the cleavage of the substrate 5FAM-LAQAVRSSSRK-5TAMRA (SEQ ID N°3) (Anaspec, custom 34891) by human TACE (R&D SYSTEMS INC., Cat #930-ADB).

For the dose response (10 point), 4 μL of a dilution series of compound (2 mM highest concentration, 1/5 dilution in DMSO further diluted 1 in 10 in water, corresponding to a final highest concentration of 20 μM), is transferred to 384 well Fluotrac 200 plate (Greiner, cat #781076) and incubated at room temperature for 30 min with a 26 μL buffer solution (25 mM Tris pH8.0, 2.5 μM ZnCl₂, 0.01% CHAPS) containing TACE (0.05 ng/μL) (it will be appreciated by the skilled person that the potency read out is independent of the enzyme concentration).

The reaction is initiated by adding to the assay plate 5FAM-LAQAVRSSSRK-5TAMRA (5 μL, 5 μM, Anaspec) in the same buffer.

Finally, the fluorescence is read on the Envision (Perkin Elmer) after an incubation of 75 min at room temperature (Excitation 485 nm, Emission 530).

The IC₅₀ measured for illustrative compounds of the invention is reported in Table VIII below.

TABLE VIII TACE potency of illustrative compounds of the invention Cpd IC₅₀ (nM) 1 >20000 2 >17500 3 >5500 4 >5500 5 >3330 6 2360 7 >2930 8 >3220 9 2500 10 >2790 11 >20000 12 >4000 13 1170 14 >4000 16 457 17 >4000 18 >4000 20 >4000 21 2060 24 298 25 >2000 26 >10000 27 >2000 28 >20000 32 >4000 33 429 34 >4000 35 >4000 36 670 37 >20000 39 588 40 2720 43 >20000 44 >20000 45 >20000 46 137 47 >20000 49 >20000 51 >3660 52 >20000 53 >4000 54 2270 55 >3310 56 3190 57 >12000 60 >20000 62 >20000 63 >20000 64 3140 65 56 66 >20000 67 >4000 70 >20000 74 1360 75 550 76 1780 78 2660 79 277 80 >20000 83 2490 85 >4000 86 >4000 87 120 88 211 89 984 90 >4000 91 >4000 92 1050 93 >3530 94 >4000 95 >4000 96 3590 97 >4000 98 >4000 99 >14700 100 >4000 102 3400 103 4100 104 461 105 >20000 106 >20000 107 >4000 109 5260 111 963 112 >4000 113 >20000 114 >20000 115 >20000 116 >4640 117 >4000 118 >4000 120 >4000 121 1100 122 >4000 123 1640 124 880 125 1800 126 >4000 127 >4000 128 >20000 129 >4000 130 >4000 132 348 133 195 134 >20000 135 >20000 136 >20000 137 >20000 138 >20000 139 1320 140 >20000 142 >4000 143 >20000 144 >4000 145 >4000 146 1580 147 >4000 148 >4000 151 >20000 152 >20000 153 2270 154 >20000 155 >20000 156 >20000 157 >20000 158 >20000 159 1870 160 >20000 161 >20000 162 >20000 163 >20000 164 >20000 165 >20000 166 >20000 167 >4000 168 >20000 169 >20000 170 n/a 171 >20000 172 311 173 3140 174 321 175 251 176 1230 177 1990 179 785 180 >4000 181 2860 182 >4000 183 >20000 186 4070 187 >20000 188 >4000 189 >4000 190 >20000 191 >20000 192 >4000 193 >20000 194 >4000 196 >3930 197 134 198 817 199 1050 200 1060 201 >20000 203 >20000 204 3870 205 >20000 206 >4000 207 >4000 208 >4000 209 >4000 210 1440 211 3740 212 >4000 213 >20000 214 >4000 215 >12000 216 >4000 217 >4000 218 272 219 441 220 245 221 3200 222 337 223 >4000 224 >4000 225 >20000 226 >4000 227 >3510 228 >4000 229 >4000 230 207 231 106 232 >4000 233 >4000 234 >4000 235 1320 236 225 237 >4000 238 3160 239 >4000 240 >20000 241 >12000 242 2520 243 >19500 244 >19500 245 2130 246 >19500 247 >19600 248 >3780 249 >19600 250 417 251 >12000 252 2690 253 >20000 254 1000 255 >20000 256 >20000 257 >4000 258 >20000 259 >20000 260 >20000 261 >20000 262 >4000 263 2620 264 >4000 265 >4000 266 >4000 267 >4000 268 >4000 269 840 270 >4000 271 >20000 272 >4000 273 >20000 274 >20000 275 >20000 276 >4000 277 >4000 278 >20000 279 2990 280 >20000 281 >20000 282 >20000 283 >20000 284 >20000 285 >4000 286 >20000 287 >4000 288 >4000 289 >4000 290 >20000 291 >20000 292 >4000 294 >20000 295 >20000 296 >20000 297 >20000 298 >20000 299 >20000 300 >20000 301 >20000 302 >20000 303 >20000 304 >20000 305 >20000 306 >4000 307 3590 308 >4000 309 >4000 310 1320 311 3070 312 3680 313 >20000 314 >4000 315 >4000 316 >4000 317 >4000 318 2190 319 >4000 320 >4000 321 >4000 322 >4000 323 >4000 324 >4000 325 >20000 326 >4000 327 >4000 328 >20000 329 >20000 330 >20000 331 >4000 332 >20000 333 >20000 334 >20000 335 >4000 336 >4000 337 >20000 338 >4000 339 >4000 340 >4000 341 885 342 >4000 343 >20000 344 >20000 345 >4000 346 >4000 347 2380 348 >4000 349 >4000 350 >20000 351 >20000 352 >20000 353 >20000 354 >20000 355 >20000 356 >4000 357 >4000 358 >20000 359 >12000 360 >20000 361 >20000 362 >20000 363 >12000 364 >20000 365 >9330 366 >4000 367 >4000 368 >20000 369 >20000 370 >20000 371 >3730 372 >20000 373 >20000 374 >20000 375 1130 376 2430 377 >20000 378 >4000 379 1490 380 >4000 381 >20000 382 >20000 383 >4000 384 2230 385 >4000 386 >4000 387 >4000 388 >4000 389 >4000 391 >4000 392 >20000 394 >20000 395 >20000 396 >4000 397 >4000 400 2930 404 >4000 405 >4000 406 >4000 407 479 408 >4000 409 311 410 170 411 >4000 412 >20000 413 >4000 414 >4000 415 396 416 >4000 417 479 418 >4000 419 >4000 420 2980 421 >4000 422 >4000 423 1470 424 >10800 425 245 426 3200 427 337 428 >4000 429 >3980 430 >3510 431 >4000 432 >4000 433 1250 434 106 435 225 436 368 437 2130 438 1280 439 787 440 417 441 >20000 442 789 443 >4000 444 >4000 445 >4000 446 840 447 3620 448 2990 449 >20000 450 >20000 451 >12000 452 1780 453 3180 454 2980 455 >4000 456 >4000 457 >4000 458 2380 459 1740 460 >4000 461 2540 462 >4000 463 >4000 464 >4000 465 3500 466 2640 467 >4000 468 >4000 469 >4000 470 2930 472 >4000 474 >4000 475 2650 476 >4000 477 >20000 478 >4000 479 >4000 480 >20000 481 3950

3.6. hMMP1

Inhibition of the proteases human MMP1 was determined at REACTION BIOLOGY (Reaction Biology Corp. 1 Great Valley Parkway, Suite 2 Malvern, Pa. 19355, USA) in fluorescent based biochemical assays. The protease activities were monitored as a time-course measurement of the increase in fluorescence signal from fluorescently-labeled peptide substrates, and initial linear portion of slope (signal/min) was analyzed.

To determine the IC₅₀, a compound is tested starting from 100 nM (highest dilution) with a 1/3 dilution.

The IC₅₀ measured for illustrative compounds of the invention is reported in Table IX below.

TABLE IX hMMP-1 potency of illustrative compounds of the invention Cpd IC₅₀ (nM) 27 30000 36 30000 40 >30000 55 >30000 255 >30000

3.7. hMMP2 3.7.1. Protocol 1

The basis for the assay is the cleavage of the substrate 520 MMP fret substrate XV (Anaspec, Catalog #: AS-60582-01) by human MMP2 (R&D SYSTEMS INC. Systems Inc., Cat #902-MP).

For the dose response (10 point), 4 μL of a dilution series of compound (2 mM highest concentration, 1/5 dilution in DMSO further diluted 1 in 10 in water, corresponding to a final highest concentration of 20 μM), is transferred to 384 well Fluotrac 200 plate (Greiner, cat #781076) and incubated at room temperature for 30 min with a 26 μL buffer solution (50 mM Tris pH 7.5, 10 mM, CaCl₂, 150 mM NaCl, 0.05% Brij35) containing preactivated MMP2 (0.0125 ng/μL) (it will be appreciated by the skilled person that the potency read out is independent of the enzyme concentration). Human MMP2 is preactivated by incubated the enzyme in the same buffer complemented with 1 mM freshly prepared p-Aminophenylmercuric acetate (AMPA) for 1 hour at 37° C.

The reaction is initiated by adding to the assay plate 520 MMP fret substrate XV (10 μL, 4 μM, Anaspec) in the same buffer.

Finally, the fluorescence is read on the Envision (Perkin Elmer) after an incubation of 30 min at room temperature (Excitation 485 nm, Emission 530).

The IC₅₀ measured for illustrative compounds of the invention is reported in Table X below.

TABLE X hMMP-2 potency of illustrative compounds of the invention Cpd IC₅₀ (nM) 1 1570 2 250 3 1480 4 259 5 44 6 379 7 >16700 8 >16700 9 271 10 26 11 >20000 12 >20000 13 >20000 14 38 16 >16700 18 >20000 20 >20000 21 >20000 24 >20000 25 101 26 111 27 >10000 32 >20000 33 >20000 34 220 35 >20000 36 >20000 37 914 39 >20000 40 >4000 44 2950 45 >4000 46 >20000 47 550 49 83 51 n/a 52 2910 53 3930 54 n/a 55 >20000 56 140 57 n/a 60 >20000 62 >20000 64 >20000 65 >20000

3.7.2. Protocol 2

The basis for the assay is the cleavage of the substrate 390 MMP FRET substrate I (Anaspec, Catalog n #: AS-27076) by human MMP2 (R&D SYSTEMS INC., Cat #902-MP).

For the dose response (10 point), 4 μL of a dilution series of compound (2 mM highest concentration, 1/5 dilution in DMSO further diluted 1 in 10 in water, corresponding to a final highest concentration of 20 μM), is transferred to 384 well Fluotrac 200 plate (Greiner, cat #781076) and incubated at room temperature for 30 min with a 26 μL buffer solution (45 mM Tris pH 7.5.9 mM CaCl₂, 135 mM NaCl, 0.045% Brij35) containing MMP2 (0.03 ng/μL) (it will be appreciated by the skilled person that the potency read out is independent of the enzyme concentration).

The reaction is initiated by adding to the assay plate 390 MMP FRET substrate I (10 μL, 2.5 μM, Anaspec) in the same buffer.

Finally, the fluorescence is read on the Envision (Perkin Elmer) after an incubation of 30 min at room temperature (Excitation 485 nm, Emission 530).

The IC₅₀ measured for illustrative compounds of the invention is reported in Table XI below.

TABLE XI hMMP-2 potency of illustrative compounds of the invention Cpd IC₅₀ (nM) 3 2560 5 212 17 >20000 28 192 34 489 35 >20000 36 >20000 40 >20000 43 >20000 46 >20000 47 1410 51 >20000 53 >4000 54 >20000 55 >20000 57 >20000 60 >20000 64 >20000 65 >20000 66 >4000 67 794 70 1950 74 1410 75 >20000 76 674 78 711 79 >20000 80 452 83 407 85 >20000 86 >20000 87 >20000 88 >20000 89 >20000 90 219 91 745 92 >20000 93 >20000 94 >20000 95 381 96 639 97 >20000 98 >20000 99 >20000 100 >20000 102 >20000 103 123 104 2560 105 212 106 >20000 107 192 109 489 111 >20000 112 >20000 113 >20000 114 >20000 115 >20000 116 1410 117 >20000 118 >4000 120 >20000 121 >20000 122 >20000 123 >20000 124 >20000 125 >20000 126 >4000 127 794 128 1950 129 1410 130 >20000 132 674 133 711 134 >20000 135 452 136 407 137 >20000 138 >20000 139 >20000 140 >20000 142 >20000 143 219 144 745 145 >20000 146 >20000 147 >20000 148 381 151 639 152 >20000 153 >20000 154 >20000 155 >20000 156 >20000 157 123 158 2560 159 212 160 >20000 161 192 162 489 163 >20000 164 >20000 165 >20000 166 >20000 167 >20000 168 1410 169 >20000 170 >4000 171 >20000 172 >20000 173 >20000 174 >20000 175 >20000 176 >20000 177 >4000 179 794 180 1950 181 1410 182 >20000 183 674 186 711 187 >20000 188 452 189 407 190 >20000 191 >20000 192 >20000 193 >20000 194 219 196 745 197 >20000 198 >20000 199 >20000 200 381 201 639 203 >20000 204 >20000 205 >20000 206 >20000 207 >20000 208 123 209 2560 210 212 211 >20000 212 192 213 489 214 >20000 215 >20000 216 >20000 217 >20000 218 >20000 219 1410 220 >20000 221 >4000 222 >20000 223 >20000 224 >20000 225 >20000 226 >20000 227 >20000 228 >4000 229 794 230 1950 231 1410 232 >20000 233 674 234 711 235 >20000 236 452 237 407 238 >20000 239 >20000 240 >20000 241 >20000 242 >20000 243 219 244 745 245 >20000 246 >20000 247 >20000 248 381 249 639 250 >20000 251 >20000 252 >20000 253 >20000 254 >20000 255 123 256 2560 257 212 258 >20000 259 192 260 489 261 >20000 262 >20000 263 >20000 264 >20000 265 >20000 266 1410 267 >20000 268 >4000 269 >20000 270 >20000 271 >20000 272 >20000 273 >20000 274 >20000 275 >4000 276 794 277 1950 278 1410 279 >20000 280 674 281 711 282 >20000 283 452 284 407 285 >20000 286 >20000 287 >20000 288 >20000 289 >20000 290 219 291 745 292 >20000 294 >20000 295 >20000 296 381 297 639 298 >20000 299 >20000 300 >20000 301 >20000 302 >20000 303 123 304 2560 305 212 306 >20000 307 192 308 489 309 >20000 310 >20000 311 >20000 312 >20000 313 >20000 314 1410 315 >20000 316 >4000 317 >20000 318 >20000 319 >20000 320 >20000 321 >20000 322 >20000 323 >4000 324 794 325 1950 326 1410 327 >20000 328 674 329 711 330 >20000 331 452 332 407 333 >20000 334 >20000 335 >20000 336 >20000 337 >20000 338 219 339 745 340 >20000 341 >20000 342 >20000 343 381 344 639 345 >20000 346 >20000 347 >20000 348 >20000 349 >20000 350 123 351 2560 352 212 353 >20000 354 192 355 489 356 >20000 357 >20000 358 >20000 359 >20000 360 >20000 361 1410 362 >20000 363 >4000 364 >20000 365 >20000 366 >20000 367 >20000 368 >20000 369 >20000 370 >4000 371 794 372 1950 373 1410 374 >20000 375 674 376 711 377 >20000 378 452 379 407 380 >20000 381 >20000 382 >20000 383 >20000 384 >20000 385 219 386 745 387 >20000 388 >20000 389 >20000 391 381 392 639 394 >20000 395 >20000 396 >20000 397 >20000 400 >20000 404 123 405 909 406 581 407 >20000 408 1370 409 3020 410 >4000 411 547 412 63 413 411 414 2053 415 1390 416 990 417 1070 418 740 419 219 420 >14700 421 701 422 879 423 >20000 424 >20000 425 2820 426 >4000 427 >4000 428 38 429 >12000 430 >20000 431 501 432 581 433 >4000 434 1620 435 2590 436 >4000 437 225 438 3420 439 >3890 440 >20000 441 1530 442 >4000 443 1330 444 1440 445 945 446 119 447 >4000 448 2 449 1380 450 >3710 451 1100 452 1860 453 1540 454 449 455 209 456 279 457 3110 458 846 459 >20000 460 1040 461 >20000 462 946 463 2430 464 848 465 >20000 466 >20000 467 1860 468 >20000 469 520 470 >4000 472 >4000 474 3260 475 >4000 476 387 477 >20000 478 1020 479 31 480 53 481 3060

3.8. hMMP8

Inhibition of the human MMP8 protease is determined at REACTION BIOLOGY (Reaction Biology Corp. 1 Great Valley Parkway, Suite 2 Malvern, Pa. 19355, USA; cat #MMP8) in fluorescence based biochemical assays. The protease activity is monitored as a time-course measurement of the increase in fluorescence signal from fluorescently-labeled peptide substrates, and the slope (signal/min) of the initial linear portion is measured.

The basis for the assay is the cleavage of the substrate 520 MMP FRET Substrate XIV (Anaspec, cat #AS-60581) by human MMP8 (Enzo®, cat #SE-255) in a buffer solution (50 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 10 mM CaCl₂, 0.01% Brij-35, 0.1 mg/mL BSA).

A 100% DMSO dilution series of test compound (10 final concentrations starting from 30 μM highest concentration, with 1/3 serial dilutions) is added to MMP8 in buffer solution and incubated at room temperature for 5-15 min (it will be appreciated by the skilled person that the potency read out is independent of the enzyme concentration). The reaction is then initiated by adding 520 MMP FRET Substrate XIV (5 μM final concentration) in the same buffer.

Fluorescence is read at 5 min intervals for 2 h with an Envision (Perkin Elmer) at room temperature (Excitation 485 nm, Emission 520 nm). The slope of the initial linear portion of the fluorescence signal curve is then calculated by using Excel. Percent protease activity is calculated relative to a no inhibitor DMSO control defined as 100% activity. IC₅₀ curve fits are performed using Prism software.

3.9. hMMP12

Inhibition of the human MMP12 protease is determined at REACTION BIOLOGY (Reaction Biology Corp. 1 Great Valley Parkway, Suite 2 Malvern, Pa. 19355, USA; cat #MMP12) in fluorescence based biochemical assays. The protease activity is monitored as a time-course measurement of the increase in fluorescence signal from fluorescently-labeled peptide substrates, and the slope (signal/min) of the initial linear portion is measured.

The basis for the assay is the cleavage of the substrate 520 MMP FRET Substrate XIV (Anaspec, cat #AS 60581) by human MMP12 (Enzo®, cat #SE-138) in a buffer solution (50 mM HEPES pH 7.5, 10 mM CaCl2, 0.01% Brij-35, 0.1 mg/mL BSA).

A 100% DMSO dilution series of test compound (10 final concentrations starting from 30 μM highest concentration, with 1/3 serial dilutions) is added to MMP12 in buffer solution and incubated at room temperature for 5-15 min (it will be appreciated by the skilled person that the potency read out is independent of the enzyme concentration). The reaction is then initiated by adding 520 MMP FRET Substrate XIV (5 μM final concentration) in the same buffer.

Fluorescence is read at 5 min intervals for 2 h with an Envision (Perkin Elmer) at room temperature (Excitation 485 nm, Emission 520 nm). The slope of the initial linear portion of the fluorescence signal curve is then calculated by using Excel. Percent protease activity is calculated relative to a no inhibitor DMSO control defined as 100% activity. IC₅₀ curve fits are performed using Prism software.

3.10. hMMP13 3.10.1. Protocol 1

The basis for the assay is the cleavage of the substrate 390 MMP FRET Substrate I (Anaspec Cat #AS-27076) by human MMP13 (Chemicon, Cat #CC068).

For the dose response (10 point), 4 μL of a dilution series of compound (20 μM highest concentration, 1/5 dilution in water), is transferred to 384 well Fluotrac 200 plate (Greiner, cat #781076) and incubated at room temperature for 30 min with a 26 μL buffer solution (50 mM Tris pH7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 10 mM CaCl₂, 0.05% CHAPS, 5 μM ZnCl₂) containing MMP13 (0.01 ng/μL) (it will be appreciated by the skilled person that the potency read out is independent of the enzyme concentration). Human MMP13 is preactivated by incubated the enzyme in the same buffer complemented with 1 mM freshly prepared p-Aminophenylmercuric acetate (AMPA) for 1 hour at 37° C.

The reaction is initiated by adding to the assay plate 390 MMP FRET Substrate I (10 μL, 2.5 μM) in the same buffer.

Finally, the fluorescence is read on the Envision (Perkin Elmer) after an incubation of 45 min at room temperature (Excitation 485 nm, Emission 530).

The IC₅₀ measured for illustrative compounds of the invention is reported in Table XII below.

TABLE XII hMMP-13 potency of illustrative compounds of the invention Cpd# IC₅₀ (nM) 3 >4000 5 794 17 >20000 27 >20000 28 2370 34 3210 35 >20000 36 >20000 40 >20000 43 >20000 46 n/a 47 >4000 53 >20000 54 >20000 55 >20000 57 n/a 60 >20000 64 >20000 65 >20000 66 >20000 67 >3500 70 >4000 74 2660 75 >20000 76 2060 78 2100 79 >20000 80 3790 83 >4000 85 >20000 86 >20000 87 >20000 88 >20000 89 >20000 90 1210 91 1680 92 >20000 93 >20000 94 >20000 95 2200 96 1060 97 >20000 98 >20000 99 >20000 100 >20000 102 >20000 103 2000 104 >20000 105 >20000 106 >20000 107 >20000 109 >4000 111 >20000 112 1880 113 3620 114 2580 115 >4000 116 >20000 117 >4000 118 >20000 120 >20000 121 70.6 122 >20000 123 919 124 1280 125 2120 126 >4000 127 >20000 128 >20000 129 >20000 130 >20000 132 3290 133 >20000 134 >20000 135 >20000 136 >20000 137 >20000 138 >4000 139 >20000 140 >4000 142 >20000 143 >20000 144 >20000 145 >20000 146 3880 147 >4000 148 >20000 151 >20000 152 >20000 153 >4000 154 >4000 155 >20000 156 >20000 157 >20000 158 >20000 159 >20000 160 >20000 161 >20000 162 >4000 163 >20000 164 >20000 165 >20000 166 >20000 167 >4000 168 >20000 169 >20000 170 >20000 171 >4000 172 2740 173 >20000 174 >20000 175 >20000 176 >20000 177 >20000 179 >20000 180 >20000 181 >20000 182 >20000 183 >20000 186 >20000 187 2610 188 2670 189 >20000 190 3060 191 1880 192 865 193 433 194 952 196 >20000 197 >4000 198 1940 199 >20000 200 >20000 201 >20000 203 >20000 204 >12000 205 >20000 206 >4000 207 2880 208 >20000 209 >20000 210 >14700 211 377 212 1040 213 >4000 214 >3510 215 >4000 216 >20000 217 >4000 218 2220 219 >4000 220 >4000 221 >4000 222 >4000 223 >20000 224 152 225 3940 226 3270 227 >20000 228 >4000 229 3850 230 >20000 231 766 232 >20000 233 1710 234 5.6 235 21.2 236 1220 242 >20000 247 >20000 249 >4000 250 >20000 255 >20000 262 >20000 405 2333 406 2042 407 >20000 408 >4000 409 2740 410 >4000 411 865 412 433 413 952 414 >4000 415 1300 416 2880 417 3130 418 >4000 419 663 420 >14000 421 >4000 422 2330 423 >20000 424 >20000 425 >4000 426 >4000 427 >4000 428 152 429 >20000 430 >20000 431 3280 432 2040 433 >20000 434 766 435 1220 436 >4000 438 1850 439 >4000 440 >20000

3.10.2. Protocol 2

The basis for the assay is the cleavage of the substrate 520 MMP-fret substrate XV (Anaspec, Catalog #: AS-60582-01) by human MMP13 (Chemicon, Cat #CC068).

For the dose response (10 point), 4 μL of a dilution series of compound (2 mM highest concentration, 1/5 dilution in DMSO further diluted 1 in 10 in water, corresponding to a final highest concentration of 20 μM), is transferred to 384 well Fluotrac 200 plate (Greiner, cat #781076) and incubated at room temperature for 30 min with a 26 μL buffer solution (50 mM Tris pH7.5, 150 mM NaCl, 10 mM CaCl₂, 0.05% CHAPS, 5 μM ZnCl₂) containing MMP13 (6.25 10⁻⁶ μg/μL) (it will be appreciated by the skilled person that the potency read out is independent of the enzyme concentration).

The reaction is initiated by adding to the assay plate 520 MMP-fret substrate XV (10 μL, 4 μM) in the same buffer.

Finally, the fluorescence is read on the Envision (Perkin Elmer) after an incubation of 60 min at room temperature (Excitation 485 nm, Emission 530).

The IC₅₀ measured for illustrative compounds of the invention is reported in Table XIII below.

TABLE XIII hMMP-13 potency of illustrative compounds of the invention Cpd IC₅₀ (nM) 1 >20000 2 2370 3 >4000 4 2520 5 76.4 6 2150 7 >20000 8 >20000 9 1480 10 285 11 >20000 12 >20000 13 >20000 14 366 16 >20000 18 >20000 20 >20000 21 >20000

3.11. hMMP14

The basis for the assay is the cleavage of the substrate 390 MMP FRET Substrate I (Anaspec Cat #AS-27076) by human MMP14 (Biomol, Cat #SE-259).

For the dose response (10 point), 4 μL of a dilution series of compound 2 mM highest concentration, 1/5 dilution in DMSO further diluted 1 in 10 in water, corresponding to a final highest concentration of 20 μM), is transferred to 384 well Fluotrac 200 plate (Greiner, cat #781076) and incubated at room temperature for 30 min with a 26 μL buffer solution (50 mM MOPS pH7.5 mM CaCl₂, 1 μM ZnCl₂, 0.1% Brij-35) containing MMP14 (0.05 ng/μL) (it will be appreciated by the skilled person that the potency read out is independent of the enzyme concentration).

The reaction is initiated by adding to the assay plate 390 MMP FRET Substrate I (10 μL, 2.5 μM) in the same buffer.

Finally, the fluorescence is read on the Envision (Perkin Elmer) after an incubation of 60 min at room temperature (Excitation 485 nm, Emission 530).

The IC₅₀ measured for illustrative compounds of the invention is reported in Table XIV below.

TABLE XIV hMMP-14 potency of illustrative compounds of the invention Cpd IC₅₀ (nM) 27 >20000 36 >20000 40 >20000 51 >20000 55 >20000 173 >20000 192 823 203 >4000 204 >20000 205 >4000 207 >4000 210 >20000 212 378 214 1230 215 2600 217 >4000 218 1310 220 3840 223 >20000 226 978 227 >20000 228 >20000 229 682 230 >20000 231 549 232 >20000 233 384 234 7 235 26 236 1220 242 >20000 247 >4000 249 1230 251 >4000 255 3230 259 >20000 260 >20000 261 >20000 265 2295 266 3640 270 >4000 276 >20000 277 >20000 282 >20000 287 >4000 288 >4000 295 3460 307 >20000 308 >20000 309 >20000 313 >20000 314 >20000 316 >20000 317 823 319 >4000 320 >20000 326 >4000 327 >4000 331 >20000 332 378 339 1230 342 2600 346 >4000 350 1310 351 3840 357 >20000 359 978 365 >20000 367 >20000 371 682 375 >20000 388 549 389 >20000 391 384 396 7 397 26 400 1220 404 >20000 405 3817 406 1345 411 547 414 2053 416 990 418 740 420 >14700 421 701 422 879 423 >20000 424 >20000 425 2820 429 >12000 430 >20000 431 501 432 581 433 >4000 434 1620 435 2590 436 >4000 438 3420 439 >3890 441 1530 443 1330 444 1440 445 945 447 >4000 449 1380 450 >3710 451 1100 453 1540 455 209 457 3110 459 >20000 464 848 465 >20000 466 >20000 467 1860 468 >20000 469 520 470 >4000 472 >4000 474 3260 475 >4000 476 387 477 >20000 478 1020 479 31 480 53 481 3060

Example 4. Cellular Assays 4.1.1. Mouse Explant Assay

In this assay, quantitation of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) in the form of aggrecan fragments released from cartilage in culture is used to determine the efficacy of a test compound in preventing cartilage catabolism.

The protocol of mouse cartilage explants is described by Stanton (Stanton et al., 2011). After euthanasia, the femoral head cartilage from the right and left leg of a 3-days-old C57B16 male mouse (Janvier, 7-10 g), were placed in a 48-wells culture plate. Cell culture medium (400 μL) containing human IL1α (1 ng/mL) and test compound (3 μM) were added to the femoral head cartilage.

After 3 days of incubation, the supernatant is harvested and stored at −20° C. until analysis and the cartilages are digested with a papain solution at 60° C. for 24 h. Using the standard curve performed with a dose range of chondroitin sulfate, the concentration of GAG is determined in the supernatant and on the lysate using dimethylmethylene blue solution (reading at a wavelength of 590 nm).

The percentage of GAG release is calculated as follows:

${GAG\%} = \frac{\left\lbrack {GAG} \right\rbrack_{\sup ernatant}}{\left\lbrack {GAG} \right\rbrack_{\sup ernatant} + \left\lbrack {GAG} \right\rbrack_{lysate}}$

The test compound effect is expressed as percent of inhibition (PIN) using the following formula:

${PIN} = {\frac{{{mean}{}{\%\lbrack{GAG}\rbrack}_{{vehicle} + {{IL}1\alpha}}} - {{mean}{\%\lbrack{GAG}\rbrack}_{{compound} + {{IL}1\alpha}}}}{{{mean}{\%\lbrack{GAG}\rbrack}_{{vehicle} + {{IL}1\alpha}}} - {{mean}{}{\%\lbrack{GAG}\rbrack}_{compound}}}*100}$

4.2. Human Explant Assay

In this assay, compounds are tested in human articular cartilage explants in order to evaluate their activity on aggrecan degradation induced by IL1β. AGNx1 is the epitope for aggrecanase-mediated aggrecan degradation; on the other hand, AGNx2 is the epitope for MMP-mediated aggrecan degradation. Therefore quantification of AGNx1 and AGNx2 may be used to evaluate the activity of a test compound.

These studies were conducted in Nordic Bioscience (Herlev Hovedgade 207, DK-2730 Herlev, Denmark).

Human articular cartilage explants are collected from 3 nearby hospitals under an existing ethical committee application.

Full-depth cartilage explants from OA cartilage from different patients are cultured for 21 days in culture medium (DMEM/F12 with 0.5% FCS, 1% PS) containing various (positive control, untreated, and test compound at 0.1, 1 and 10 μM).

The explants from each patient are cultured in a separate 96-well culture plate with 200 μL/well PBS, and the 6 replicates of each treatment are distributed in a diagonal pattern on the plate. At each experimental time point (5, 12 and 19 days), supernatants are harvested from the explants cultures, and new treatment-mediums are added. The supernatants are stored at −20° C. for later biomarker analysis. The human IL1β (Sigma-Aldrich SRP3083) is used at a concentration of 10 ng/mL.

4.3. Results

The AGNx1 and AGNx2 concentrations were determined against a standard curve. Mean and SEM were graphed using the excel software. One-way ANOVA plus Dunnett's multiple comparisons post-hoc test are used for the statistical analysis (Prism 3.03 software).

Example 5. In Vivo Assays 5.1. In Vivo Menisectomized (MNX) Rat Model 5.1.1. In Vivo Efficacy in the Rat MNX Model

In vivo efficacy was studied in a female Lewis meniscectomised rat (MNX) model. The MNX rat model is a well-validated disease model of osteoarthritis (Bendele, 2001; Janusz et al., 2002; Pritzker et al., 2006).

5.1.2. Experimental Procedures 5.1.2.1. Surgery and Dosing

Osteoarthritis is induced by meniscectomy at day 0 (D0) in the right leg of each rat by a transection of the medial collateral ligament and 4 mm of ligament are removed. Internal part of the meniscus is transected vertically into two flaps which are pushed to the front and the back of the synovial cavity. Sham animals undergo only anaesthesia, skin and muscle incision then suture. On day 1, rats are randomly assigned to a treatment group (n=20 per group) according to their body weight, in order to have a homogenous distribution. From D2 to D21, rats are dosed per os (po) once daily (qd) or twice a day (bid) with compounds formulated in methylcellulose (MC) 0.5% or in HPβCD 10% pH3.0.

5.1.2.2. Steady-State PK Determination (ssPK)

After at least 7 days of treatment, blood is sampled at 4 time points post administration: 0, 1, 3 and 6 h (and assuming 24 h is equal to the pre-dose sample), in order to determine steady-state plasma exposure.

5.1.2.3. Histology

At sacrifice, the right tibia of each rat is collected and processed for histological analysis. After 48 h of fixation in 4% formaldehyde, tibias are decalcified in Osteosoft for 7 days, and cut into 2 half parts prior to embedding face to face in paraffin. Five series of sections are cut at 200 μm intervals, covering about 1.5 mm of the middle part of the bone. One series of slides is stained with Safranin O and light green for morphological evaluation and OARSI scoring. The other series of slides are mounted with DAPI for chondrocyte density measurement.

The extent of cartilage injury reflecting osteoarthritis in the tibial plateau is evaluated and scored using the OARSI method based on the grading and the staging of cartilage lesion (Pritzker et al, 2006). The OARSI scoring is assessed in a blinded manner by two different readers. For each tibia, one score is attributed as the median of the OARSI score of the 5 sections.

For statistical analysis, medians of groups are compared with a stratified Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunnett multiple comparison post hoc test.

Significance levels: ns: not statistically significant; *p<0.05; **p<0.01; ***p<0.001 versus MNX-vehicle. Statistical analyses are done on all groups of the studies.

FINAL REMARKS

It will be appreciated by those skilled in the art that the foregoing descriptions are exemplary and explanatory in nature, and intended to illustrate the invention and its preferred embodiments. Through routine experimentation, an artisan will recognize apparent modifications and variations that may be made without departing from the spirit of the invention. All such modifications coming within the scope of the appended claims are intended to be included therein. Thus, the invention is intended to be defined not by the above description, but by the following claims and their equivalents.

All publications, including but not limited to patents and patent applications, cited in this specification are herein incorporated by reference as if each individual publication are specifically and individually indicated to be incorporated by reference herein as though fully set forth.

It should be understood that factors such as the differential cell penetration capacity of the various compounds can contribute to discrepancies between the activity of the compounds in the in vitro biochemical and cellular assays.

At least some of the chemical names of compound of the invention as given and set forth in this application, may have been generated on an automated basis by use of a commercially available chemical naming software program, and have not been independently verified. Representative programs performing this function include the Lexichem naming tool sold by Open Eye Software, Inc. and the Autonom Software tool sold by MDL, Inc. In the instance where the indicated chemical name and the depicted structure differ, the depicted structure will control.

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The invention claimed is:
 1. A compound of formula (II):

wherein: R¹ is: C₂₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more independently selected R⁴ groups, C₃₋₇ monocyclic cycloalkyl optionally substituted with one or more independently selected R⁴ groups, 4-7 membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl comprising 1 to 2 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, optionally substituted with one or more independently selected C₁₋₄ alkyl, —C(═O)C₁₋₄ alkyl, or —C(═O)OC₁₋₄ alkyl, phenyl fused to a 5-6 membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl comprising 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, which heterocycloalkyl is optionally substituted with one or more ═O, or imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl or pyrazinyl, each of which is optionally substituted with one or more independently selected R⁵ groups; R⁴ is: halo, OH, CN, C₁₋₄ alkyl, C₁₋₄ alkoxy optionally substituted with one C₁₋₄ alkoxy, or phenyl, C₁₋₄ thioalkoxy, 4-7-membered monocyclic heterocycloalkyl comprising one or more heteroatoms independently selected from N, S, and O, optionally substituted with one or more independently selected halo, or —C(═O)OC₁₋₄ alkyl, phenyl, —S(═O)₂C₁₋₄ alkyl, —C(═O)NR^(7b)R^(7c), —NHC(═O)OR^(7d), —NHC(═O)R^(7e), or NR^(8a)R^(8b); each R⁵ is halo, OH, CN, C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more independently selected halo, —NR^(9a)R^(9b), or —C(═O)NR^(9c)R^(9d), C₁₋₄ alkoxy optionally substituted with one —NR^(9e)R^(9f), or —S(═O)₂C₁₋₄ alkyl; each R⁶ is halo, —CN, —NO₂, —CH₃, 5-10 membered monocyclic or fused bicyclic heteroaryl comprising 1, 2 or 3 heteroatoms independently selected from N, O, and S, optionally substituted with one or more independently selected halo, C₁₋₄ alkyl, or C₁₋₄ alkoxy, or —NR^(9g)R^(9h); each R^(7a), R^(7b), R^(7c), R^(7d), or R^(7e) is H, or C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted with one OH, C₁₋₄ alkoxy; each R^(8a), or R^(8b) is independently selected from H, and C₁₋₄ alkyl optionally substituted with one or more independently selected OH, C₁₋₄ alkoxy, or phenyl; each R^(9a), R^(9b), R^(9c), R^(9d), R^(9e), R^(9f), R^(9g), and R^(9h) is independently selected from H, and C₁₋₄ alkyl; or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt, or a solvate, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt of a solvate thereof.
 2. The compound of claim 1, wherein R¹ is: imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, oxazolyl, pyridinyl, pyrimidinyl or pyrazinyl, each of which is, optionally substituted with a C₁ alkyl C₂₋₄ alkyl, or C₃ monocyclic cycloalkyl.
 3. The compound of claim 1, selected from the group consisting of:


4. A compound of claim 1, wherein the compound is:


5. A method of making the compound of formula (II) of claim 1, comprising reacting a compound of formula (I)

and producing a compound of formula (II).
 6. A method of making a compound of formula (III),

comprising reacting compound (163),

with (2S)-1-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-2-methyl-piperazine.
 7. A method of making compound (173),

comprising reacting a compound of claim 4 with 1-(3,5-dichlorophenyl) piperazine.
 8. A method of making compound (203),

comprising reacting a compound of claim 4 with (2S)-1-(3-fluorophenyl)-2-methyl-piperazine.
 9. A method of making compound (204)

comprising reacting a compound of claim 4 with (2S)-1-(3,5-dichlorophenyl)-2-methyl-piperazine.
 10. A method of making compound (205)

comprising reacting a compound of claim 4 with (2S)-1-(3,4-difluorophenyl)-2-methyl-piperazine.
 11. A method of making compound (207)

comprising reacting a compound of claim 4 with (S)-1-(3,4-Dichloro-phenyl)-2-methyl-piperazine.
 12. A method of making compound (357)

comprising reacting a compound of claim 4 with (2S)-1-[3-fluoro-5-(1H-pyrazol-4-l)phenyl]-2-methyl-piperazine.
 13. A method of making compound (403)

comprising reacting a compound of claim 4 with (2R)-1-(3,5-difluorophenyl)-2-methyl-piperazine.
 14. A method of making compound (416)

comprising reacting a compound of claim 4 with (2S)-1-(3,4-dichlorophenyl)-2-methyl-piperazine.
 15. The compound of claim 1, wherein R¹ is ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, and or tertbutyl.
 16. The compound of claim 1, wherein R¹ is ethyl. 